Table 1.

Mean CSBQ scores for children and adolescents with gender dysphoria and comparison groups

	Typically developing		Gender dysphoric		ASD		Statistical analysisa		Effect sizes Cohen’s d c
Scalesd	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Fb	p values	GD vs. TD	GD vs. ASD
Tuned	4.20	4.11	7.31	5.50	11.98	5.90	341.855	< .001	0.71	0.83
Social	1.75	2.66	4.03	4.49	8.48	5.08	466.620	< .001	0.75	0.95
Orientation	1.86	2.46	2.97	3.27	7.19	3.92	364.628	< .001	0.42	1.21
Understanding	2.04	2.34	3.29	3.13	7.55	3.83	434.310	< .001	0.50	1.27
Stereotyped	1.08	1.85	1.64	2.45	3.62	3.63	138.780	< .001	0.29	0.70
Change	0.76	1.21	1.33	1.73	3.25	2.00	315.983	< .001	0.43	1.06
CBSQ total	11.69	11.49	20.58	15.71	42.08	16.72	587.150	< .001	0.72	1.34

GD children and adolescents with gender dysphoria, TD typically developing children and adolescents, ASD children and adolescents with ASD, CSBQ Children’s Social Behaviour Questionnaire

^aAdditional post-hoc analyses comparing the sample with gender dysphoria with the typically developing and ASD sample demostrated that on all subscales as well as on the total score, children and adolescents with gender dysphoria had a significantly higher score than typically developing children and a significantly lower score than children with ASD

^b df = 2

^cEffect sizes Cohen’s d: 0.80 or higher is a large effect size, 0.50–0.79 a medium effect size and 0.20–0.49 small. Effect sizes less than 0.20 are negligible (Cohen 1988)

^d Tuned behavior not optimally changed to the situation, Social reduced social interest and contact, Orientation orientation problems, in activity, place of time, Understanding difficulties in understanding social information, Stereotyped stereotyped behavior, Change fear or resistance to changes