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. 2018 Apr 7;24(13):1419–1428. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i13.1419

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©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Endoscopic findings related to Helicobacter pylori infection. A: Atrophy is diagnosed based on the vascular pattern and rugal atrophy. The dotted line indicates an atrophic border in the anterior wall of the body (43-year-old woman; antibody titer: 4.3 U/mL; UBT: 55.3 per mil; Kyoto classification score: 2); B: Intestinal metaplasia is visible as grayish-whitish, slightly opalescent patches. The dotted line indicates the extent of the lesions in the lesser curvature of the antrum (81-year-old woman; antibody titer: 4.7 U/mL; UBT: 7.3 per mil; Kyoto classification score: 5); C: An enlarged fold is defined as that which is 5 mm or more in diameter. Enlarged folds are present in the greater curvature of the body (56-year-old man; antibody titer: 3.8 U/mL; UBT: 7.0 per mil; Kyoto classification score: 3); D: Nodularity is characterized by the appearance of multiple whitish elevated lesions mainly in the pyloric gland mucosa. Nodularity is present in the antrum (28-year-old man; antibody titer: 9.4 U/mL; UBT: 3.6 per mil; Kyoto classification score: 2); E: Redness refers to uniform redness involving the entire fundic gland mucosa. Redness is visible in the greater curvature of the body (44-year-old man; antibody titer: 8.7 U/mL; UBT: 26.5 per mil; Kyoto classification score: 3); F: Sticky mucus refers to grayish or yellowish mucus adhering to the mucosal surface. There is sticky mucus in the greater curvature of the body (70-year-old woman; antibody titer: 6.5 U/mL; UBT: 26.4 per mil; Kyoto classification score: 4). UBT: Urea breath test.