Figure 3.

Koumine reduces the CCI-induced production of proinflammatory factors. After CCI or sham surgery, koumine (0.28, 7 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered s.c. once per day for 7 consecutive days from postoperative day 3. On postoperative day 9, the lumbar spinal cord was dissected, and the levels of IL-1β (a) and TNF-α (b) were determined by ELISA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 7–12). ^∗∗P < 0.01, versus the sham group; ^##P < 0.01, versus the vehicle control group, separate one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni or Dunnett's T3 test for each group.