Table 3. Characteristics of the Participants Not Taking Anti-Hypertensive Medication According to KNHANES Phase.
| I (1998) | II (2001) | III (2005) | IV (2007–09) | V (2010–12) | VI (2013–14) | p value | β coefficient (SE) | p for trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | |||||||||
| Unweighted number | 2814 | 1992 | 1772 | 5117 | 5145 | 2922 | |||
| Age (yr) | 45.9 (0.4) | 45.8 (0.4) | 46.4 (0.4) | 46.6 (0.3) | 47.0 (0.3) | 48.0 (0.3) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.6 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.1) | 24.0 (0.1) | 24.3 (0.1) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.02) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 127.4 (0.5) | 124.6 (0.5) | 121.1 (0.5) | 118.6 (0.4) | 120.3 (0.3) | 118.7 (0.4) | <0.001 | −1.47 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 81.7 (0.3) | 80.4 (0.3) | 80.8 (0.4) | 79.6 (0.2) | 80.2 (0.2) | 78.7 (0.3) | <0.001 | −0.44 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 103.0 (0.8) | 97.9 (0.5) | 97.3 (0.8) | 98.5 (0.5) | 98.8 (0.4) | 101.6 (0.5) | <0.001 | 0.05 (0.15) | 0.758 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.0 (1.0) | 190.8 (1.1) | 186.4 (1.0) | 190.8 (0.7) | 192.7 (0.7) | 192.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.22) | 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 138.9 (1.6) | 159.3 (2.5) | 166.6 (5.0) | 161.3 (2.4) | 160.6 (2.4) | 169.5 (3.3) | <0.001 | 3.88 (0.69) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.7 (0.3) | 43.9 (0.3) | 42.1 (0.3) | 45.3 (0.2) | 46.7 (0.2) | 47.1 (0.2) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| Sufficient activity, % | 10.0 (0.7) | 32.2 (1.4) | 37.6 (1.7) | 55.9 (1.0) | 48.8 (0.9) | 48.4 (1.4) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol-drinking, % | 30.6 (1.2) | 39.9 (1.6) | 26.7 (1.5) | 28.0 (1.0) | 27.4 (1.0) | 24.3 (1.1) | <0.001 | −0.08 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 65.8 (1.1) | 58.7 (1.5) | 47.0 (1.4) | 46.6 (1.0) | 47.7 (1.0) | 45.4 (1.3) | <0.001 | −0.14 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 2312 (28) | 2217 (28) | 2359 (34) | 2268 (20) | 2479 (20) | 2477 (26) | <0.001 | 64 (6) | <0.001 |
| Na intake, mg/day | 5722 (102) | 6137 (100) | 6643 (116) | 6005 (65) | 6235 (74) | 4861 (70) | <0.001 | −168 (21) | <0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic medication, % | 3.7 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.3) | 5.1 (0.5) | 0.009 | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.001 |
| Anti-dyslipidemic medication, % | N/A | N/A | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.6 (0.2) | 2.4 (0.3) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Female | |||||||||
| Unweighted number | 3255 | 2532 | 2305 | 6810 | 6835 | 4058 | |||
| Age (yr) | 47.4 (0.4) | 47.1 (0.4) | 47.1 (0.4) | 47.6 (0.3) | 47.5 (0.2) | 48.4 (0.3) | 0.061 | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.018 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 (0.1) | 23.5 (0.1) | 23.5 (0.1) | 23.2 (0.1) | 23.3 (0.1) | 23.0 (0.1) | <0.001 | −0.10 (0.02) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 123.5 (0.6) | 118.6 (0.5) | 114.4 (0.6) | 112.6 (0.3) | 114.5 (0.3) | 112.6 (0.3) | <0.001 | −1.68 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76.6 (0.3) | 74.8 (0.3) | 74.5 (0.4) | 73.6 (0.2) | 74.0 (0.2) | 72.7 (0.2) | <0.001 | −0.61 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 100.7 (0.8) | 96.6 (0.5) | 92.3 (0.6) | 94.4 (0.3) | 94.3 (0.3) | 95.8 (0.4) | <0.001 | −0.66 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189.8 (0.9) | 188.8 (0.9) | 184.6 (0.9) | 188.7 (0.7) | 192.5 (0.6) | 190.7 (0.7) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.18) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 110.9 (1.4) | 124.1 (1.8) | 111.5 (1.9) | 111.9 (1.2) | 110.9 (1.3) | 111.0 (1.5) | <0.001 | −1.07 (0.37) | 0.003 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.3 (0.3) | 48.1 (0.3) | 47.4 (0.3) | 50.5 (0.2) | 52.8 (0.2) | 54.5 (0.2) | <0.001 | 1.12 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Sufficient activity, % | 9.0 (0.7) | 29.1 (1.1) | 35.9 (1.7) | 52.7 (0.8) | 44.2 (0.9) | 41.9 (1.4) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol-drinking, % | 1.9 (0.4) | 6.5 (1.3) | 6.8 (1.1) | 6.6 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.5) | 7.5 (0.7) | 0.000 | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.000 |
| Current smoking, % | 6.4 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.5 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.021 | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.537 |
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1752 (20) | 1772 (20) | 1786 (20) | 1604 (11) | 1711 (12) | 1769 (14) | <0.001 | −2 (4) | 0.694 |
| Na intake, mg/day | 4474 (84) | 5111 (87) | 5088 (77) | 4179 (43) | 4345 (52) | 3463 (45) | <0.001 | −256 (16) | <0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic medication, % | 3.4 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.4) | 3.0 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.3) | 0.334 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.674 |
| Anti-dyslipidemic medication, % | N/A | N/A | 0.6 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.2) | 4.4 (0.3) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.06) | <0.001 |
KNHANES, Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SE, standard error; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Na, sodium.
All data are presented as a mean (SE) or percentage.
*p for trend was determined by linear regression analysis with weighting of survey design.