Table 4.
The effect of different berries on the level of various biomarkers of oxidative stress.
| Berries | Different biomarkers of oxidative stress |
|---|---|
| In vitro experiments | |
| Aronia berries | Inhibition of ROS generation (antioxidant activity) |
| Model of hyperhomocysteinemia, human blood platelets, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 2.5 – 10 μg/ml (Malinowska et al., 2013) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 5–50 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2008) | |
| Human blood platelets, patients with cardiovascular risk factors, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 1–100 μg/ml (Ryszawa et al., 2006) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, patients with invasive breast cancer (before/after surgery and after I – IV phase of chemotherapy) and patients with benign breast diseases, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kedzierska et al., 2009, 2012) | |
| No effect on ROS generation (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 1–100 μg/ml (Ryszawa et al., 2006) | |
| Inhibition of protein carbonylation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, patients with invasive breast cancer (before/after surgery and after I – IV phase of chemotherapy), concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2013b) | |
| No effect on protein carbonylation (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, patients with benign breast diseases, patients with invasive breast cancer, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2010) | |
| Inhibition of protein nitration (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, patients with invasive breast cancer (before/after surgery and after I – IV phase of chemotherapy), concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2013b) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, patients with benign breast diseases, patients with invasive breast cancer, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2010) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, patients with invasive breast cancer (before/after surgery and after I – IV phase of chemotherapy), concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2013b) | |
| Rat hepatocytes treated with carbon tetrachloride and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, aronia juice (phenolic compounds: 546.1 mg as GAE/100 ml): 5–100 μg/ml (Kondeva-Burdina et al., 2015) | |
| Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, patients with invasive breast cancer (before/after surgery and after I – IV phase of chemotherapy), concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2013b) | |
| Increase of thiols (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, patients with invasive breast cancer (before/after surgery and after I – IV phase of chemotherapy) and patients with benign diseases, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2010; Kȩdzierska et al., 2013a) | |
| Rat hepatocytes treated with carbon tetrachloride and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, aronia juice (phenolic compounds: 546.1 mg as GAE/100 ml): 5–100 μg/ml (Kondeva-Burdina et al., 2015) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, patients with benign breast diseases, patients with invasive breast cancer, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 50 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2010) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of Aronox (containing phenolic compounds: 309.8 mg/g of extract): 5 – 100 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2011) | |
| Grapes | Inhibition of ROS generation (antioxidant activity) |
| Model of hyperhomocysteinemia in vitro, human blood platelets, concentration of the phenolic fraction of seed (containing phenolic compounds: 500 mg/g of extract): 2.5 – 10 μg/ml (Malinowska et al., 2013) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of seed (containing phenolic compounds: 500 mg/g of extract): 1.25 – 50 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2008, 2012) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat hepatocytes treated with adriomycin, extract of phenolic compounds from defatted milled grape seeds: 2.5 – 25 μg/ml (Valls-Belles et al., 2006) | |
| Swine erythrocytes, extract from grape seeds (over 90% condensed tannins): 7.5 – 30 μg/ml (Olchowik et al., 2012) | |
| Bovine spermatozoa, polyphenolic-rich grape pomace extract: 1–5 μg/ml (Saponidou et al., 2014) | |
| Inhibition of protein carbonylation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat hepatocytes treated with adriomycin, extract of phenolic compounds from defatted milled grape seeds: 2.5 – 25 μg/ml (Valls-Belles et al., 2006) | |
| Increase of thiols (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of seed (containing phenolic compounds: 500 mg/g of extract): 5 – 100 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2011) | |
| Rat hepatocytes treated with adriomycin, extract of phenolic compounds from defatted milled grape seeds: 2.5 – 25 μg/ml (Valls-Belles et al., 2006) | |
| Swine erythrocytes, extract from grape seeds (over 90% condensed tannins): 7.5 – 30 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2012) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of seed (containing phenolic compounds: 500 mg/g of extract): 5 – 100 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2011) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of seed (containing phenolic compounds: 500 mg/g of extract): 5 – 100 μg/ml (Kȩdzierska et al., 2011) | |
| Protective activity on DNA strand scission induced by hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals (antioxidant activity) | |
| Bluescript-SH + plasmid DNA exposed to UV plus H2O2 or to UV plus H2O2 in the presence grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract): 100–1600 μg/ml (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Sea buckthorn berries | Inhibition of ROS generation (antioxidant activity) |
| Human blood platelets, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of berry (dominant compounds in this fraction – flavonoids: 214.04 mg/g): 0.5–50 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2016) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood platelets and human plasma, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of berry (dominant compounds in this fraction – flavonoids: 214.04 mg/g): 0.5–50 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2016) | |
| Inhibition of protein carbonylation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, concentration of the phenolic fraction of berry (dominant compounds in this fraction – flavonoids: 214.04 mg/g): 0.5–50 μg/ml (Olas et al., 2016) | |
| In vivo experiments | |
| Bilberries + lingonberries + black currants | Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, mix of berries (bilberries, lingonberries and black currants; 80 g of each, in the short-term) or 100 g portion of deep-frozen berries (bilberries, lingonberries and black currants) daily for 8 weeks (Marniemi et al., 2000) | |
| Bilberries + red grapes | Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant activity) |
| human plasma and erythrocytes, healthy subjects, mixture of red grapes and bilberries (80:20), 300 ml mixture daily for 2 weeks (Kuntz et al., 2014) | |
| Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, mixture of red grapes and bilberries (80:20), 300 ml mixture daily for 2 weeks (Kuntz et al., 2014) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma and urine, healthy subjects, mixture of red grapes and bilberries (80:20), 300 ml mixture daily for 2 weeks (Kuntz et al., 2014) | |
| Blackberries + black currants + sour cherries + aronia berries + red grapes | Decrease of oxidative DNA damages (antioxidant activity) |
| Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, healthy subjects, mixed fruit juice (red grape (57%), blackberry juice (18%), sour cherry juice (9%), black currant juice (9%), and aronia berry juice (7%), containing 1753 mg of phenolic compounds/l catechin equivalents and 197.9 mg of anthocyanins/l cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents), 700 ml juice daily for 9 weeks (Weisel et al., 2006) | |
| Increase of thiols (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood, healthy subjects, mixed fruit juice (red grape (57%), blackberry juice (18%), sour cherry juice (9%), black currant juice (9%), and aronia berry juice (7%), containing 1753 mg of phenolic compounds/l catechin equivalents and 197.9 mg of anthocyanins/l cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents), 700 ml juice daily for 9 weeks (Weisel et al., 2006) | |
| No changes in lipid peroxidation (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human plasma and urine, healthy subjects, mixed fruit juice (red grape (57%), blackberry juice (18%), sour cherry juice (9%), black currant juice (9%), and aronia berry juice (7%), containing 1753 mg of phenolic compounds/l catechin equivalents and 197.9 mg of anthocyanins/l cyaniding-3-glucoside equivalents), 700 ml juice daily for 9 weeks (Weisel et al., 2006) | |
| Aronia berries | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Rat hepatocytes, rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (150 mg/kg) and carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg), aronia juice (10 ml/kg/day) for 4 weeks (Kujawska et al., 2011) | |
| Rat plasma, liver, rates treated with carbon tetrachloride, aronia juice (5, 10, and 20 ml/kg) daily for 2 – 4 days (Valcheva-Kuzmanova et al., 2004) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat hepatocytes, rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (150 mg/kg), aronia juice (10 ml/kg/day) for 4 weeks (Kujawska et al., 2011) | |
| Human hemolysates, men with blood cholesterol concentration: 205–250 mg/dl, 240 mg of anthocyanins (as Aronox) daily for 30 days (Kowalczyk et al., 2005) | |
| No change in activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Rat hepatocytes, rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg), aronia juice (10 ml/kg/day) for 4 weeks (Kujawska et al., 2011) | |
| Inhibition of protein carbonylation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat plasma, rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (150 mg/kg) and carbon tetrachloride (2 ml/kg), aronia juice (10 ml/kg/day) for 4 weeks (Kujawska et al., 2011) | |
| Reduction of level of oxidized DNA (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat blood leukocytes, rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (150 mg/kg), aronia juice (10 ml/kg/day) for 4 weeks (Kujawska et al., 2011) | |
| Bayberries | Inhibition of protein oxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, young adults with features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 250 ml bayberries juice (containing 270.2 mg phenolic compounds/100 ml and 83.5 mg anthocyanins/100 ml), twice daily for 4 weeks (Guo et al., 2014) | |
| Bilberries | No changes in total antioxidant status and the level of thiols (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) |
| Human plasma, subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, 330 ml bilberry juice daily for 4 weeks (Karlsen et al., 2010) | |
| Blackcurrants | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, 250 ml blackcurrant juice (containing 27.3 mg phenolic compounds/100 ml and 4 mg anthocyanins/100 ml) 4 times a day for 6 weeks (Khan et al., 2014) | |
| Blueberries | Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) |
| human plasma, healthy subjects, blueberries, 100 g freeze-dried berries with a high-fat meal (Mazza et al., 2002) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, chronic smokers, fresh blueberries (250 g, daily), for 3 weeks (McAnulty et al., 2015) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, obese men and women with metabolic syndrome, blueberries (50 g freeze-dried blueberries and about 350 g fresh blueberries) daily for 8 weeks (Basu et al., 2010) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, postmenopausal women with pre- and stage 1-hypertnsion, 22 g freeze-dried blueberry powder (containing 844.6 mg phenolic compounds) daily for 8 weeks (Johnson et al., 2015) | |
| No changes in level of thiols (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human plasma, healthy smokers, frozen blueberries (300 g, containing 309 mg of anthocyanins, about 856 mg of phenolic acids, 30 mg of chlorogenic acid), daily for week (Del Bo et al., 2016) | |
| No changes in level of oxidized DNA (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, healthy smokers, frozen blueberries (300 g, containing 309 mg of anthocyanins, about 856 mg of phenolic acids, 30 mg of chlorogenic acid), daily for week (Del Bo et al., 2016) | |
| Cranberries | Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, cranberry juice (Vinson et al., 2008) | |
| Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, cranberry juice (7 ml/kg body weight per day), for 2 weeks (Reul et al., 2005) | |
| Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, cranberry juice (7 ml/kg body weight per day), for 2 weeks (Reul et al., 2005) | |
| Human plasma, patients with the metabolic syndrome, cranberry juice (0.7 l/day, containing 0.4 mg folic acid) for 60 days (Simao et al., 2013) | |
| Inhibition of protein oxidation (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, patients with the metabolic syndrome, cranberry juice (0.7 l/day, containing 0.4 mg folic acid) for 60 days (Simao et al., 2013) | |
| No changes in total antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human blood, plasma, red blood cells and urine, healthy subjects, cranberry juice (750 ml/day, containing about 1136 mg of phenolic compounds/l GAE, about 2.8 mg of anthocyanins/l), for 2 weeks (Duthie et al., 2006) | |
| Elderberries | Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, healthy subject, elderberry juice (200, 300, or 400 ml, containing 361, 541, and 722 mg anthocyanins, respectively) daily for 2 weeks (Netzel et al., 2005) | |
| No changes in total antioxidant status (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, elderberry juice (400 mg, containing 10% anthocyanins) daily for 2 weeks (Murkovic et al., 2004) | |
| Grapes | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Rat liver, rat received irradiation as 8 Gy whole body irradiation, 100 g grape seed extract (total phenolic compounds – 573.5 mg GAE/g) daily for 1 week (Cetin et al., 2008) | |
| rat lever and kidney, lead induced oxidative stress in rats, 400 mg hydroalcoholic extract/kg daily for 30 days (Lakshmi et al., 2013) | |
| Cardiac tissues of rats, pancreas tissues of rats, rats were exposed to 5 Gy, grape seed extract (100 mg/kg body weight) daily for 2 weeks (Saada et al., 2009) | |
| Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat plasma, pregnant rats, hydroethanolic red grapes extract, 3 × 30 mg/kg body weight daily for 2 weeks (Muresan et al., 2010) | |
| Wistar rats plasma, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat liver, rat received irradiation as 8 Gy whole body irradiation, 100 g grape seed extract (total phenolic compounds – 573.5 mg GAE/g) daily for 1 week (Cetin et al., 2008) | |
| Rat lever and kidney, lead induced oxidative stress in rats, 400 mg hydroalcoholic extract/kg daily for 30 days (Lakshmi et al., 2013) | |
| Cardiac tissues of rats, pancreas tissues of rats, rats were exposed to 5 Gy, grape seed extract (100 mg/kg body weight) daily for 2 weeks (Saada et al., 2009) | |
| Wistar rats, gastrocnemius muscle, heart, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Increase of lipid peroxidation | |
| Wistar rats plasma, erythrocytes, gastrocnemius muscle, heart, liver, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Increase of protein carbonylation | |
| Wistar rats plasma, erythrocytes, heart, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Decrease of thiols (pro-oxidative properties) | |
| Wistar rats erythrocytes, liver, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| No change in activity of catalase (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Wistar rats erythrocytes, liver, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| No change in total antioxidant status (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Wistar rats, gastrocnemius muscle, liver, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| No change in protein carbonylation (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Wistar rats, gastrocnemius muscle, liver, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| No change in the level of thiols (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Wistar rats, gastrocnemius muscle, heart, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Decrease of total antioxidant status (pro-oxidative properties) | |
| Wistar rats, gastrocnemius muscle, a single dose of 300 mg kg-1 body weight of grape pomace extract (containing phenolic compounds 648 mg gallic acid/g extract) (Veskouis et al., 2012) | |
| Raspberries | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Human urine, Barrett’s esophagus patients, lyophilized raspberries [32 g (female) or 45 g (male)] daily (Kresty et al., 2006) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, 30 g of freeze-dried raspberries (total phenolic compounds – 1.05 g/100 g of freeze dried berries) daily for 4 weeks (Lee et al., 2011) | |
| No changes in lipid peroxidation (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, 30 g of freeze-dried raspberries (total phenolic compounds – 1.05 g/100 g of freeze dried berries) daily for 4 weeks (Lee et al., 2011) | |
| Sea buckthorn berries | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, 300 ml sea buckthorn juice (containing 1182 mg flavonoids/l) daily for 8 weeks (Eccleston et al., 2002) | |
| Strawberries | Inhibition of lipid peroxidation (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, women with metabolic syndrome, 2 cups of strawberry drink per day (each cup had 25 g of freeze-dried strawberry powder, containing about 1000 mg of phenolic compounds) for 4 weeks (Basu et al., 2009) | |
| Human plasma, hyperlipidemic subjects, fresh strawberries (454 g) daily for 4 weeks (Jenkins et al., 2008) | |
| Rat gastric, 40 mg/day/kg body weight of strawberry crude extract for 10 days (Alavrez-Suarez et al., 2011) | |
| Human plasma, subjects with type 2 diabetes, 2 cups of freeze-dried strawberry (50 g of freeze-dried strawberry is equivalent to 500 g of fresh strawberries) daily for 6 weeks (Moazen et al., 2013) | |
| Rat plasma and liver tissue, 25 g strawberries daily for 2 months (Giampieri et al., 2016) | |
| Plasma, adults with abdominal adiposity and elevated serum lipids, freeze-dried strawberries (25 – 50 g/day) for 12 weeks (Basu et al., 2014) | |
| Increase of activity of antioxidant enzymes (antioxidant activity) | |
| Rat gastric, 40 mg/day/kg body weight of strawberry crude extract for 10 days (Alavrez-Suarez et al., 2011) | |
| Rat plasma and liver tissue, 25 g strawberries daily for 2 months (Giampieri et al., 2016) | |
| Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human plasma, subjects with type 2 diabetes, 2 cups of freeze-dried strawberry (50 g of freeze-dried strawberry is equivalent to 500 g of fresh strawberries) daily for 6 weeks (Moazen et al., 2013) | |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, daily consumption of strawberries, for 2 weeks (Tulipani et al., 2014) | |
| Wild blueberries | Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) |
| Human plasma, healthy subjects, wild blueberries, 100 g freeze-dried berries daily for 7 days with a high-fat meal (Kay and Holub, 2002) | |
| Reduction of level of oxidized DNA (antioxidant activity) | |
| Human blood mononuclear cells, subjects with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, wild blueberry powder drink (one portion (25 g) containing 0.4 g anthocyanins and 127.5 g chlorogenic acid), daily for 6 weeks (Riso et al., 2013) | |
| No changes in total antioxidant status (antioxidant/prooxidative properties - ?) | |
| Rat plasma, wild blueberry powder, daily for 4 or 8 weeks (Del Bo et al., 2010) | |