Table 1.
Age-related pathologies and molecular relationship with aging.
| Age-related pathology | Mechanisms shared with aging process | Markers | References/reviews |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer’s disease | Inflammation Oxidative stress Mitochondrial dysfunction Decreased proteasome activity Cellular senescence Gut microbiota alterations |
IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGFβ, IL-12, IL-18, and INFγ 8-hydroxyguanosine, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, oxidized proteins, and lipid peroxidation 20S core reduced activity Presence of senescent cells Activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased intestinal permeability |
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) |
| Cancer | Inflammation Cellular senescence |
IL-6; presence of senescent cells | (13–16) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Telomere shortening Oxidative stress Cellular senescence Inflammation, inflammasome; activation of NLRP3 Activation of PI3 kinase–mTOR signal Dysregulated nutrients sensing; loss of proteostasis autophagy mitochondrial dysfunction Stem cell exhaustion |
p21CIP1/WAF1, p16INK4a, β galactosidase activity, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, chemokines (CXCL8 and CCL2), metalloproteinases Stress markers such as Parkin and phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced protein kinase 1 |
(17, 18) |
| Maculopathy | Chronic retinal inflammation, dysregulation of autophagy, accumulation of oxidative stress-induced damage, protein aggregation, and lipofuscinogenesis | Heat shock proteins; Abs vs self-epitopes; and inflammasome activation | (19, 20) |
| Osteoarthritis | Cell disruption; cellular senescence; mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress; and reduced autophagy; inflammation | HGMB1; HGMB2; and IL-8 | (21) |
| Osteopenia/osteoporosis | Chronic inflammation | TNF-α; IL-6; CRP; and inflammatory markers | (22) |
| Parkinson’s disease | Inflammation Cellular senescence Gut microbiota alterations |
Presence of inflammatory cells (astrocytes) and senescent cells Activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased intestinal permeability, and alteration of the serotonin system |
(23) (24) (25) |
| Periodontitis | Inflammation |
Porphyromonas gingivalis express peptidylarginine deiminase generating citrullinated epitopes Pro-inflammatory cytokines |
(26) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Cell death and chronic inflammation | Abs vs modified self-epitopes; HGMB1 Matrix metalloproteinases TNF-α; IL-1β; and IL-6 |
(27) |
| Sarcopenia | Inflammation and oxidative stress | Elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, and CRP | (28–30) |