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. 2018 Mar 23;9:379. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00379

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Copyright © 2018 Li, Wang, Tai, Ma, Shalmani, Liu, Li and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The pathways of NADPH production. NAD(H) kinases play an important role in both the two NADPH generation pathways. Firstly, NADH kinase (NADHK) can catalyze NADH to synthesize NADPH directly. Secondly, NADPH can be generated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6GPDH), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), NADP-dependent malic enzymes (ME), NADP-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Transhydrogenase (TH) and proton-trans-locating transhydrogenase (pntAB) can also generate NADPH. NAD kinase functions in providing NADP to these enzymes.