Table 1.
Demographic information and comparison of clinical outcomes between HC and patients with PD.
| Characteristic | HC (n = 23) | PD-ICD (n = 21) | PD-nICD (n = 68) | P Value | Post hoc P value (PD groups) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) [95% CI], years | 58.3 (10.5) [53.7–62.8] | 57.7 (9.8) [53.3–62.2] | 59.1 (9.5) [56.9–61.5] | 0.801a | 0.829 |
| Female/male, No. (% male) | 11/12 (52.2) | 7/14 (66.6) | 24/44 (64.7) | 0.511b | 0.869 |
| Left-handed/right-handed, No. (% right-handed)x | 3/19 (82.6) | 1/19 (90.5) | 7/58 (85.3) | 0.925b | 0.741 |
| Education, mean (SD) [95% CI], years | 14.6 (2.8) [13.4–15.8] | 14.6 (2.7) [13.4–15.8] | 15.4 (2.9) [14.6–16.0] | 0.374c | 0.307 |
| Disease duration, mean (SD) [95% CI], years | … | 10.4 (10.5) [5.6–15.1] | 5.8 (5.3) [4.6–7.1] | 0.272d | … |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage, mean (SD) | … | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.5) | 0.891b | … |
| Tremor score, mean (SD) | 0.063 (0.84) | 0.446 (0.300) | 0.458 (0.282) | <0.001c,e | 0.631 |
| PIGD score, mean (SD) | 0.052 (0.108) | 0.229 (0.192) | 0232 (0.164) | <0.001c,e | 0.702 |
| MDS-UPDRS part I score, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.6) | 6.2 (3.1) | 4.4 (3.2) | <0.001c,e | 0.007 |
| MDS-UPDRS part II score, mean (SD) | 2.2 (2.7) | 5.1 (4.5) | 5.2 (5.0) | 0.008c,e | 0.880 |
| MDS-UPDRS part III score, mean (SD) | 0.6 (1.2) | 21.1 (8.5) | 21.4 (8.8) | <0.001c,e | 0.973 |
| MDS-UPDRS total score, mean (SD) | 5.6 (3.6) | 32.4 (10.7) | 31.0 (11.2) | <0.001c,e | 0.492 |
| MoCA score, mean (SD) | 28.4 (1.1) | 27.2 (2.0) | 27.6 (2.0) | 0.196c | 0.450 |
| GDS score, mean (SD) | 4.7 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.2) | 0.046c | 0.033 |
| UPSIT score, mean (SD) | 33.5 (4.6) | 22.1 (8.1) | 23.2 (8.4) | <0.001c,e | 0.474 |
| RBD score, mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.3) | 4.7 (3.2) | 3.8 (2.4) | 0.357 | 0.342 |
| ESS score, mean (SD) | 6.2 (4.3) | 6.8 (3.3) | 6.1 (3.3) | 0.739 | 0.478 |
| Type of ICD | |||||
| Hypersexuality | 1 (4.5%) | ||||
| Compulsive buying | 1 (4.5%) | ||||
| Compulsive eating | 8 (36%) | ||||
| Hobbies | 2 (9%) | ||||
| Punding | 5 (23.5%) | ||||
| Walking or Driving + hobbies | 2 (9%) | ||||
| Compulsive eating + punding | 1 (4.5%) | ||||
| Compulsive buying + hobbies | 1 (4.5%) | ||||
| Compulsive buying + eating + punding | 1 (4.5%) | ||||
HC, healthy controls; PD, Parkinson disease; PIGD, postural instability and gait difficulty; MDS-UPDRS, movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale; MoCA, montreal cognitive assessment; GDS, geriatric depression scale; UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania smell identification test; ESS, epworth sleepiness scale; RBD, REM sleep behavior disorder.
aBased on one-way ANOVA.
bBased on χ2 test.
cBased on Kruskal–Wallis test.
dBased on Mann–Whitney U test.
ePost hoc analysis showed significant differences between HC and two PD groups.
xOthers were mixed-handed.