Table 1.
The distribution of snails that can transmit parasitic diseases and the parasites they can carry
| Categories | Distribution | Ac | Cs | Fb | Fh | Of | Ov | Pw | Sh | Si | Sj | Smal | Sman | Smek | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achatinidae | |||||||||||||||
| Achatina fulica | East Africa, America, Brazil, China, Guam, India, Japan, Madagascar, Mauritius, Pacific Islands, Seychelles, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Zanzibar | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 22, 77] |
| Ampullariidae | |||||||||||||||
| Pila ampullacea | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Pi. angelica | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [22] |
| Pi. gracilis | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Pi. pesmei | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [23] |
| Pi. polita | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Pi. scutata | Malaysia | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Pi. turbinis | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Pomacea canaliculata | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, California, China, Dominican Republic, Florida, Guam, Hawaii, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, New Nyaya, North Korea, Paraguay, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Texas, Thailand, Uruguay, Vietnam | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 77] |
| Po. lineata | Brazil | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [3] |
| Ancylidae | |||||||||||||||
| Ferrissia tenuis | India | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [100] |
| Ariophantidae | |||||||||||||||
| Girasia peguensis | China | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Hemiplecta distincta | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [23] |
| Microparmarion malayanus | Burma, Malaysia | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Assimineidae | |||||||||||||||
| Assiminea latericea | China | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11] |
| Bithyniidae | |||||||||||||||
| Alocinma longicornis | China | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11] |
| Bithynia fuchsiania | China | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [12] |
| Bit. funiculate | Laos, Thailand | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [13] |
| Bit. goniompharus | Laos, Thailand | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [13] |
| Bit. inflate | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Bit. leachi | Germany | + | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [14] |
| Bit. misella | China | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [12] |
| Bit. siamensis | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [13, 15] |
| Bit. troscheli | Russia | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [16] |
| Parafossarulus eximius | China | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [17] |
| Pa. striatulus | China | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [12] |
| Pa. sinensis | China | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [18] |
| Pa. anomalospiralis | China | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [19] |
| Pa. manchouricus | China, Japan, Korea | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [20] |
| Bradybaenida | |||||||||||||||
| Bradybaena despecta | China, East Timor, Japan, Myanmar | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Br. ravida | China, North Korea, Japan, Russia, | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Br. circulus | Japan | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Br. similaris | China, Brazil, East Timor, Japan, Pacific Islands | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 101] |
| Euhadra quaesita | Japan | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Plectotropis applanata | China | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Buccinidae | |||||||||||||||
| Clea helena | Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [23, 102] |
| Camaenidae | |||||||||||||||
| Satsuma mercatoria | Pacific Islands | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Camaena cicatricosa | China, Japan, Myanmar, Pacific Islands, Vietnam | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Cyclophoridae | |||||||||||||||
| Pupina complanata | America, Malaysia | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Helicarionidae | |||||||||||||||
| Parmarion martensi | Japan, Hawaii | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [103] |
| Lymnaeidae | |||||||||||||||
| Fossaria cubensis | America, Bolivia, Caribbean Islands, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43] |
| Galba cousin | Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43] |
| G. glaticallsformis | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| G. pervia | China | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [44] |
| G. truncatula | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, France, Italy, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Venezuela | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43, 45–47, 104, 105] |
| Lymnaea bulimoides | Mexico | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [46] |
| Ly. diaphana | Argentina, Chile, Peru | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43] |
| Ly. fuscus | Sweden | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [48] |
| Ly. humilis | Mexico | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [46] |
| Ly. japonica | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ly. neotropica | Argentina, Peru | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43] |
| Ly. obrussa | Mexico | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [46] |
| Ly. ollula | Japan, Korea | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [49] |
| Ly. palustris | Sweden | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 48] |
| Ly. rupestris | Brazil | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43] |
| Ly. tomentosa | Australia | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [50] |
| Ly. viatrix | Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [43, 46] |
| Ly. viridis | Australia, China, Korea, Vietnam | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [49, 50] |
| Omphiscola glabra | France, Germany, Italy | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [45, 47] |
| Pseudosuccinea columella | Africa, Australia, Caribbean Islands, Central America, Europe, New Zealand, North America, South America, Tahiti | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [10, 51] |
| Radix auricularia | China, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Korea, Poland, | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11, 47, 52, 53] |
| Ra. lagotis | Austria, China, Czech Republic | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11, 45] |
| Ra. natalensis | Egypt, Senegal | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [54] |
| Ra. ovata (Ra. peregra) | Czech Republic, France, Iceland, Italy, Poland, Spain, the Netherlands | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [45, 47, 53] |
| Ra. plicatula | – | + | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ra. swinhoei | China, Japan, Poland, Thailand, Vietnam | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [55] |
| Stagnicola palustris | Italy | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [47] |
| Physidae | |||||||||||||||
| Physa acuta | Japan, Peru | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 106] |
| Planorbidae | |||||||||||||||
| Biomphalaria alexandrina | Egypt, Libya, Sudan | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [24] |
| Bio. amazonica | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. andecola | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. arabica | Saudi Arabia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [25] |
| Bio. camerunensis | Cameroon | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [26] |
| Bio. choanomphala | Albert, Kyoga, Victoria | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [27] |
| Bio. glabrata | Caribbean Islands, south America | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [24] |
| Bio. helophila | Cuba, Peru | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [28, 106] |
| Bio. intermedia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. kuhniana | China, Venezuela | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [29] |
| Bio. obstructa | Cuba | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [28] |
| Bio. occidentalis | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. peregrine | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. pfeiffei | Africa, Chad | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [30] |
| Bio. prona | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. schrommi | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. smithi | Lake Edward | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [27] |
| Bio. stanleyi | Lake Albert | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [27] |
| Bio. straminea | Argentina, Brazil, Caribbean, China, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Paraguay, St Lucia, Uruguay | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [29] |
| Bio. sudanica | lakes and rivers through central and eastern Africa | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [31] |
| Bio. temascalensis | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – |
| Bio. tenagophila | Brazil | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | [29] |
| Bulinus africanus | Kenya | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [32] |
| Bu. bavayi | Madagascar | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [33] |
| Bu. beccari | Saudi Arabia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [25] |
| Bu. camerunensis | Cameroon | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [34] |
| Bu. contortus | Portugal | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [35] |
| Bu. crystallinus | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – |
| Bu. forakalii | Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Rhodesia, Senegal, Tanzania, Zaire | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | [25, 30, 36] |
| Bu. globosus | Cameroon, Kenya, Lake Victoria area, Nigeria, Pemba, Senegal, Unguja Island, Zanzibar | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | [32, 34, 37, 38] |
| Bu. liratus | Madagascar | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [33] |
| Bu. nasutus | Kenya, Zanzibar | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [32, 37] |
| Bu. nyassanus | Denmark, Malawi | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [39] |
| Bu. obtusispira | Madagascar | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [33] |
| Bu. reticulatus | Cameroon | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | [37] |
| Bu. rohlfsi | Nigeria | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [38] |
| Bu. senegalensis | Cameroon, Senegal | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [34] |
| Bu. tropicus | Cameroon | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [34] |
| Bu. truncatus | Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Nile Delta, North Africa, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | [25, 30, 34, 35] |
| Bu. ugandae | Lake Victoria | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [32] |
| Bu. umbilicatus | Senegal | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [34] |
| Bu. wright | Saudi Arabia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [25] |
| Gyraulus convexiusculus | China, India, Korea, Thailand | + | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11, 22, 40, 41] |
| Hippeutis cantori | China, Korea | + | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11, 41] |
| H. umbilicalis | Bangladesh, China, Thailand | + | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [11, 42] |
| Indoplanorbis exustus | Camroon, Malaysia, Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 22, 107] |
| Lanistes carinatus | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [23] |
| La. purpureus | Kenya | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [32] |
| Planorbarius metidjensis | Portugal | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | [35] |
| Segmentina hemisphaerula | Korea, Thailand | + | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [41] |
| Seg. trochoideus | Bangladesh, Thailand | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [42] |
| Pleuroseridae | |||||||||||||||
| Semisulcospira amurensis | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sem. cancellata | China | + | + | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | [108] |
| Sem. kurodai | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sem. libertina | China | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | [109] |
| Sem. mandarina | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sem. peregrinorum | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Sem. toucheana | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pomatiopsidae | |||||||||||||||
| Neotricula aperta | Cambodia, Laos, Thailand | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | [59] |
| Oncomelania hupensis | China, Indonesia, Philippines | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | [60] |
| Robertsiella kaporensis | Malaysia | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | [110] |
| Subulinidae | |||||||||||||||
| Allopeas kyotoensis | Japan | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Opeas javanicum | Pacific Islands | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Subulina octona | Brazil, Pacific Islands | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21, 111] |
| Succineidae | |||||||||||||||
| Succinea lauta | Japan | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Su. pfeifferi | Norway | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [112] |
| Thiaridae | |||||||||||||||
| Melanoides tuberculata | America, Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela | – | + | – | – | – | – | + | + | – | – | – | – | – | [22, 32, 56, 57] |
| Tarebia granifera (M. granifera) | South-East Asia, North and South America and Africa | – | – | – | – | – | – | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | [58] |
| Viviparidae | |||||||||||||||
| Bellamya aeruginosa | China | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Be. ingallsiana | Malaysia | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Be. quadrata | China | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [113] |
| Cipangopaludina chinensis | China, Japan, North Korea | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [21] |
| Filopaludina martensi martensi | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [23] |
| F. sumatrensis polygramma | Thailand | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [23] |
| Sinotaia quadrata | Japan | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [114] |
Ac = Angiostrongylus cantonensis; Cs = Clonorchis sinensis; Fb = Fasciolopsis buski; Fh = Fasciola hepatica; Of = Opisthorchis felineus; Ov = Opisthorchis viverrini; Pw = Paragonimus westermani; Sh = Schistosoma haematobium; Si = Schistosoma intercalatum; Sj = Schistosoma japonicum; Smal = Schistosoma malayensis; Sman = Schistosoma mansoni; Smek = Schistosoma mekongi