Table 3.
Univariate baseline differences between trajectories for the whole sample
| Covariate | Low/no chronic pain (a)N = 7257 | Increasing chronic pain (b)N = 1428 | Decreasing chronic pain (c)N = 1010 | Severe regressing chronic pain (d)N = 2282 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | 26.36 (6.45)b, d | 27.19 (8.16)a | 26.67 (7.72) | 27.18 (9.97)a |
| Age | 63.16 (10.77)c, d | 63.80 (10.20)d | 64.68 (10.64)a | 65.70 (10.37)a, b |
| GHQ-12 | 0.78 (1.90)b, c, d | 1.33 (2.45)a, d | 1.46 (2.63)a, d | 2.22 (3.19)a, b, c |
| Sex (F) | 3803 (52.40%)a, b, c | 833 (58.33%) a, d | 608 (60.20%) a | 1455 (63.76%) a, b |
| Non-white ethnicity | 193 (2.66%)a, b, c | 52 (3.64%)a, c | 15 (1.49%)a, b, d | 91 (3.99%)a, c, d |
| Alcohol: | ||||
| Non-drinker | 610 (8.41%)a, b, c | 176 (12.32%)a, d | 132 (13.07%)a, d | 477 (20.90%)a, b, c |
| Special occasions | 1259 (17.35%) | 281 (19.68%) | 202 (20.00%) | 573 (25.11%) |
| Monthly | 754 (10.39%) | 166 (11.62%) | 119 (11.78%) | 219 (9.60%) |
| Weekly | 2381 (32.81%) | 412 (28.85%) | 288 (28.51%) | 532 (23.31%) |
| Daily | 1880 (25.91%) | 327 (22.90%) | 228 (22.57%) | 380 (16.65%) |
| > 2 daily | 328 (4.52%) | 62 (4.34%) | 36 (3.56%) | 80 (3.51%) |
| Qualifications | ||||
| Higher education | 1944 (26.79%)a, b, c | 288 (20.17%)a, d | 183 (18.12%)a, d | 287 (12.58%)a, b, c |
| Secondary education | 2111 (29.09%) | 410 (28.71%) | 281 (27.82%) | 502 (22.00%) |
| Other | 585 (8.06%) | 126 (8.82%) | 99 (9.8%) | 194 (8.50%) |
| None | 2600 (35.83%) | 603 (42.23%) | 446 (44.16%) | 1292 (56.62%) |
| Ever smoked | 4479 (61.72%)b, d | 930 (65.13%)a, d | 635 (62.87%)d | 1576 (69.06%)a, b, c |
| Smokes now | 1210 (16.67%)d | 269 (18.84%)d | 174 (17.23%)d | 508 (22.26%)a, b, c |
| Holidays | 1.89 (0.99)b, c, d | 1.72 (1.00)a, d | 1.66 (1.03)a, d | 1.40 (1.02)a, b, c |
| Civic engagement | 0.60 (0.82)d | 0.57 (0.81)d | 0.55 (0.81)d | 0.46 (0.74)a, b, c |
| Social engagement | 0.58 (0.73)b, c, d | 0.51 (0.70)a, d | 0.49 (0.69)a, d | 0.40 (0.63)a, b, c |
| Social activities | 2.09 (1.09)b, c, d | 1.83 (1.15)a, d | 1.72 (1.08)a, d | 1.47 (1.13)a, b, c |
| Wishing to do more social activities | 1.16 (1.38)b, c, d | 1.45 (1.46)a | 1.40 (1.42)a | 1.53 (1.46)a |
| Voted, 2001 | 5558 (83.73%)d | 1127 (83.36%)d | 783 (82.77%)d | 1555 (78.26%)a, b, c |
| Voted, 2005 | 3611 (88.74%)b, c, d | 830 (85.57%)a, d | 582 (83.5%)a | 821 (79.94%)a, b |
| Political membership | 1064 (16.57%)b, d | 186 (14.32%)a, d | 133 (14.70%)d | 182 (9.67%)a, b, c |
All comparisons are significant at the level p < 0.001
Standard deviations are reported in brackets for continuous variables (BMI, age, GHQ-12 and social engagement measures)
Superscripted letters denote a significant post-hoc difference between columns