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. 2017 Nov 11;44(3):475–491. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbx146

Table 3.

Effect Sizes of SST Across Outcome Measures and Comparison Conditions

N G 95% CI Z P of Z Q-value I 2 (%) I 2 95% CI
SST for all symptom measures pooled
 Vs any comparator
  All eligible studies 25 0.097 −0.074, 0.267 1.112 .266 53.99* 55.48 30–72
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 21 0.090 −0.091, 0.270 0.973 .331 46.13* 56.64 29–73
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 13 0.106 −0.131, 0.343 0.879 .379 34.59* 65.30 37–81
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 7 0.173** −0.026, 0.373 1.704 .088 6.42 6.49 0–73
 Vs active controls
  All eligible studies 18 0.067 −0.151, 0.286 0.605 .545 45.23* 62.42 37–77
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 15 0.051 −0.118, 0.281 0.440 .660 37.30* 62.47 34–79
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 10 0.088 −0.209, 0.385 0.581 .561 32.38* 72.20 47–85
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 6 0.165 −0.061, 0.392 1.431 .152 6.19 19.15 0–64
 Vs TAU
  All eligible studies 6 0.282* 0.049, 0.515 2.373 .018 2.80 0.00 0–75
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 5 0.300* 0.054, 0.546 2.386 .017 2.61 0.00 0–79
 Vs SC only
  All eligible studies 7 −0.104 −0.456, 0.247 −0.58 .560 18.88* 68.23 30–86
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 6 −0.090 −0.499, 0.318 −0.432 .666 18.81* 73.42 39–88
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 4 −0.086 −0.669, 0.488 −0.294 .769 17.99* 83.32 58–93
SST for positive symptoms
 Vs any comparator
  All eligible studies 13 0.0895 −0.117, 0.296 0.85 .397 23.88* 49.8 5–73
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 12 0.984 −0.122, 0.318 0.88 .381 23.72* 53.6 11–76
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 9 0.980 −0.150, 0.350 0.78 .438 18.36* 56.4 8–79
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 5 0.050 −0.362, 0.460, 0.23 .819 14.70* 72.8 32–89
 Vs active controls
  All eligible studies/ excluding risk of bias 4 8 0.080 −0.223, 0.380, 0.50 .620 19.80* 64.6 25–83
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 7 0.127 −0.194, 0.450, 0.78 .437 18.04* 66.7 26–85
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 5 0.050 −0.362, 0.460, 0.23 .819 14.70* 72.8 32–89
 Vs TAU
  All eligible studies 5 0.151 −0.098, 0.400, 1.19 .235 3.68 0.00 0–79
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 4 0.176 −0.110, 0.460, 1.22 .222 3.31 9.30 0–86
SST for negative symptoms
 Vs any comparator
  All eligible studies 17 0.191* 0.043, 0.338 2.53 .011 19.67 18.65 0–54
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 15 0.218* 0.077, 0.359 3.03 .002 14.66 4.48 0–56
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 11 0.194* 0.041, 0.346 2.49 .013 7.96 0.00 0–60
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 7 0.279* 0.087, 0.471 2.85 .004 5.07 0.00 0–71
 Vs active controls
  All eligible studies 11 0.136 −0.070, 0.341 1.29 .196 16.01 37.52 0–69
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 10 0.185** −0.009, 0.378 1.87 .061 11.94 24.61 0–64
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 8 0.196* 0.010, 0.383 2.07 .039 0.74 9.54 0–68
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 6 0.276* 0.073, 0.478 2.67 .008 5.05 1.04 0–75
 Vs TAU
  All eligible studies 6 0.311* 0.078, 0.544 2.61 .009 2.17 0.00 0–75
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 5 0.300* 0.054, 0.546 2.39 .017 2.09 0.00 0–79
 Vs SC only
  All eligible studies 4 0.013 −0.283, 0.257 0.09 .927 2.77 0.00 0–85
SST for PANSS general symptoms
 Vs any comparator, all eligible studies 6 0.318* 0.043, 0.594 2.26 .023 7.33 31.70 0–72
 Vs TAU, all eligible studies 4 0.404* 0.111, 0.697 2.70 .007 2.31 0.00 0–85
SST for social competency outcome measures
 Vs any comparator
  All eligible studies 17 0.326* 0.079, 0.572 2.59 .010 49.60* 67.79 47–81
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 13 0.364* 0.100, 0.628 2.70 .007 37.27* 67.80 43–82
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 9 0.372* 0.036, 0.709 2.17 .030 33.20* 75.91 54–87
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 5 0.193 −0.065, 0.451 1.47 .143 5.44 26.48 0–72
 Vs active controls
  All eligible studies 12 0.131 0.234, 0496 0.70 .482 59.59* 81.53 69–89
  Excluding risk of bias score of 4 10 0.227 −0.170, 0.624 1.12 .262 51.16* 82.41 69–90
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥3 8 0.320 −0.098, 0.738 1.50 .134 39.98 82.49 67–91
  Excluding risk of bias score ≥2 5 0.020 −0.312, 0.353 0.12 .906 8.86 54.88 0–83
 Vs TAU
  All eligible studies 5 0.201 −0.140, 0.541 1.16 .248 5.31 24.69 0–70
SST subtypes vs any comparator
 All symptom measures pooled
  Generic SST, all eligible studies 7 0.171 −0.127, 0.468 1.13 .260 8.70 31.77 0–71
  Generic SST, excl. risk of bias ≥4 4 0.364** −0.011, 0.739 1.90 .057 4.21 28.71 0–74
  Cognitive-behavioral SST, excl. risk of bias ≥3 4 0.147 −0.108, 0.403 1.13 .258 0.59 0.00 0–85
  Social-cognitive SST, excl. risk of bias ≥4 6 0.270 −0.027, 0.567 1.78 .075 6.40 21.92 0–66
  Social-cognitive SST, excl. risk of bias ≥3 5 0.392* 0.107, 0.678 2.70 .007 2.48 0.00 0–79
  Social-cognitive SST, excl. risk of bias ≥2 4 0.413* 0.116, 0.709 2.73 .006 2.24 0.00 0–85
  UCLA-FAST, all eligible studies 8 −0.058 −0.392, 0.276 −0.34 .733 25.19* 72.21 43–86
  UCLA-FAST, risk of bias ≥4 7 −0.176 −0.461, 0.109 −1.21 .226 15.71* 61.81 13–83
  UCLA-FAST, excl. risk of bias ≥3 4 −0.201 −0.649, 0.246 −0.88 .378 14.65 79.52 46–92
 Negative symptoms
  Generic SST, all eligible studies 5 0.268 −0.143, 0.678 1.28 .201 8.66 53.83 0–83
  Cognitive-behavioral SST, all eligible studies 4 0.146 −0.117, 0.402 1.11 .266 0.46 0.00 0–85
  Social-cognitive SST, all eligible studies 5 0.148 −0.213, 0.509 0.80 .421 6.47 38.14 0–77
 Social competency outcome measures
  Generic SST, all eligible studies 4 −0.031 −0.318, 0.256 0.21 .832 1.31 0.00 0–85
  Social-cognitive SST, all eligible studies 7 0.301 −0.211, 0.812 1.15 .249 23.41* 74.37 45–88
  Social-cognitive SST, excl. risk of bias ≥4 6 0.188 −0.340, 0.716 0.70 .485 19.86* 74.82 43–89
  Social-cognitive SST, excl. risk of bias ≥3 4 0.478** −0.018, 0.975 1.89 .059 8.38* 64.18 0–88
  UCLA-FAST, all eligible studies 5 0.080 −0.587, 0.747 0.24 .814 36.19* 88.95 77–95
  UCLA-FAST, excl. risk of bias ≥4 4 0.267 −0.432, 0.966 0.75 .454 27.9* 89.25 75–95
SST vs any comparator at 6 mo follow-up
 All symptoms, all eligible studies 8 0.035 −0.150, 0.220 0.37 .712 1.94 0.00 0–68
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥3 6 0.061 −0.139, 0.260 0.60 .550 0.97 0.00 0–75
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥2 4 0.116 −0.119, 0.352 0.97 .333 0.09 0.00 0–85
 Positive symptoms, all eligible studies 5 −0.084 −0.315, 0.147 −0.71 .475 1.09 0.00 0–79
 Positive symptoms, risk of bias ≥3 4 −0.078 −0.323, 0.166 −0.63 .530 1.06 0.00 0–85
 Negative symptoms, all eligible studies 7 0.001 −0.207, 0.209 0.03 .995 4.22 0.00 0–71
 Negative symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥3 5 0.006 −0.223, 0.235 0.051 .958 2.28 0.00 0–79
 Social competency outcomes, all eligible studies 4 0.096 −0.186, 0.379 0.67 .503 0.62 0.00 0–85
SST vs any comparator; longest follow-up pooled
 All symptoms, all eligible studies 11 0.209* 0.043, 0.375 2.46 .014 7.65 0.00 0–60
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥4 9 0.252* 0.075, 0.428 2.79 .005 5.17 0.00 0–65
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥3 8 0.237* 0.056, 0.417 2.57 .010 4.54 0.00 0–68
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥2 5 0.348 0.122, 0.574 3.02 .003 1.89 0.00 0–79
 Positive symptoms, all eligible studies 8 0.130 −0.152, 0.412 0.91 .366 16.34* 57.15 6–80
 Positive symptoms, risk of bias ≥3 7 0.156 −0.150, 0.462 0.10 .318 15.66* 61.67 13–83
 Positive symptoms, risk of bias ≥2 4 0.282 −0.196, 0.760 1.16 .247 11.57* 74.08 28–91
 Negative symptoms, all eligible studies 10 0.228* 0.025, 0.430 2.20 .028 12.51 28.70 0–65
 Negative symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥3 8 0.267* 0.055, 0.478 2.47 .013 9.42 25.70 0–66
 Negative symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥2 5 0.394* 0.148, 0.640 3.15 .002 4.66 14.19 0–82
 Social competency outcomes, all eligible studies 8 −0.100 −0.964, 0.765 −0.23 .821 112.22* 93.76 90–96
 Social competency outcomes, excl. bias ≥4 6 −0.221 −1.356, 0.914 −0.38 .703 111.59* 95.52 93–97
 Social competency outcomes, excl. bias ≥3 5 −0.331 −1.641, 0.978 0.50 .620 111.08* 96.40 94–98
 Social competency outcomes, excl. bias ≥2 4 −0.425 −2.165, 1.314 0.48 .632 111.08* 97.30 95–98
SST vs any comparator; all follow-up combined
 All symptoms, all eligible studies 11 0.141** −0.013, 0.294 1.79 .073 3.66 0.00 0–60
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥4 10 0.169* 0.007, 0331 2.05 .041 1.93 0.00 0–62
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥3 9 0.161** −0.004, 0.326 1.91 .057 1.71 0.00 0–65
 All symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥2 6 0.231* 0.033, 0.429 2.29 .022 0.09 0.00 0–75
 Positive symptoms, all eligible studies 8 0.045 −0.158, 0.247 0.43 .664 8.51 17.76 0–61
 Positive symptoms, risk of bias ≥4 7 0.058 −0.165, 0.280 0.51 .612 8.24 27.17 0–68
 Positive symptoms, risk of bias ≥2 4 0.130 −0.225, 0.484 0.72 .474 6.31 52.47 0–84
 Negative symptoms, all eligible studies 10 0.175** −0.025, 0.374 1.72 .086 12.02 25.12 0–64
 Negative symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥4 8 0.204** −0.009, 0.416 1.88 .060 9.40 25.55 0–66
 Negative symptoms, excl. risk of bias ≥2 5 0.310* 0.052, 0.567 2.36 .018 5.02 20.35 0–66
 Social competency outcomes, all eligible studies 7 −0.224 −1.127, 0.679 0.47 .627 91.63* 93.45 89–96
 Social competency outcomes, excl. bias ≥4 5 −0.418 −1.659, 0.823 −0.66 .509 89.64* 95.54 92–97
 Social competency outcomes, excl. bias ≥2 4 −0.608 −2.107, 0.891 −0.80 .427 87.94* 96.59 94–98

Note: All comparisons were using random model. Risk of bias and subgroup analyses were only included in instances where at least four studies were available for that comparison. *P < .05. **P < .1. PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale; CI, confidence Interval; SC, supportive counseling; UCLA-FAST, University of California Los Angeles-Functional Adaptive Skills Training.