Table 2.
Group Comparisons of Subcortical and Regional Cortical Volumes for Regions Surviving FDR Correction
| Region | ANCOVA a | Subgroup | LH | RH | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M b | SD | Comparison to HC c | D d | M b | SD | Comparison to HC c | D d | |||
| Subcortical | ||||||||||
| Putamen | LH: F(3, 377) = 8.62, P < .001; RH: F(3, 377) = 6.77, P ≤ .001 | CIQ | 5596.05 | 504.16 | >HC | .43 | 5313.80 | 473.37 | =HC | .38 |
| DIQ | 5684.85 | 495.20 | >HC | .61 | 5404.99 | 486.30 | >HC | .56 | ||
| PIQ | 5598.80 | 494.47 | >HC | .44 | 5296.83 | 485.50 | =HC | .34 | ||
| HC | 5378.68 | 504.79 | — | 5131.10 | 495.59 | — | ||||
| Pallidum | LH: F(3, 377) = 12.39, P < .001; RH: F(3, 377) = 7.095, P < .001 | CIQ | 1783.80 | 193.03 | =HC | .36 | 1624.20 | 183.31 | >HC | .43 |
| DIQ | 1856.06 | 189.60 | >HC | .74 | 1631.41 | 180.00 | >HC | .47 | ||
| PIQ | 1818.51 | 189.25 | >HC | .54 | 1641.47 | 179.46 | >HC | .53 | ||
| HC | 1714.56 | 193.23 | — | 1545.49 | 183.52 | — | ||||
| Hippocampus | LH: F(3, 377) = 11.02, P < .001; RH: F(3, 377) = 8.18, P < .001) | CIQ | 4002.47 | 361.13 | <HC and DIQ | −.86e | 4124.79 | 370.79 | <HC and DIQ | −.77e |
| DIQ | 4163.72 | 354.70 | <HC | −.58 | 4300.02 | 364.20 | <HC | −.30 | ||
| PIQ | 4120.41 | 354.15 | <HC | −.54 | 4245.81 | 363.63 | <HC | −.45 | ||
| HC | 4313.05 | 361.45 | — | 4409.29 | 371.17 | — | ||||
| Cortical | ||||||||||
| Fusiform | LH: F(3, 378) = 3.26, P = .02; RH: F(3, 378) = 4.86, P = .002 | CIQ | 10071.56 | 1322.46 | =HC | −.42e | 9572.05 | 1268.96 | <HC | −.52e |
| DIQ | 10551.33 | 1300.50 | =HC | −.06 | 9929.30 | 1247.9 | =HC | −.24 | ||
| PIQ | 10199.49 | 1297.00 | =HC | −.32 | 9687.59 | 1245.47 | <HC | −.43 | ||
| HC | 10625.40 | 1324.51 | — | 10227.88 | 1270.86 | — | ||||
| Inferior parietal | LH: F(3, 378) = 6.24, P < .001 | CIQ | 13080.66 | 1847.10 | <HC | −.51 | 16014.79 | 2193.64 | — | |
| DIQ | 13374.66 | 1816.5 | <HC | −.05 | 16407.21 | 2157.73 | — | |||
| PIQ | 13075.90 | 1812.96 | <HC | −.51 | 16222.73 | 2153.10 | — | |||
| HC | 14019.13 | 1849.91 | — | 16717.04 | 2197.11 | — | ||||
| Inferior temporal | LH: F(3, 378) = 3.62, P = .01; RH: F(3, 378) = 3.43, P = .02 | CIQ | 11242.91 | 1699.28 | <HC | −.52e | 10849.87 | 1667.50 | =HC | −.44e |
| DIQ | 11804.80 | 1671.0 | =HC | −.19 | 11312.06 | 1579.20 | =HC | −.16 | ||
| PIQ | 11651.84 | 1667.86 | =HC | −.28 | 11014.54 | 1576.14 | <HC | −.35 | ||
| HC | 12124.28 | 1701.91 | — | 11569.84 | 1608.34 | — | ||||
| Lateral occipital | RH: F(3, 378) = 4.2, P = .006 | CIQ | 11692.94 | 1530.63 | — | 11632.60 | 1531.25 | <HC and DIQ | −.52e | |
| DIQ | 12099.35 | 1505.20 | — | 12400.87 | 1505.90 | =HC | −.02 | |||
| PIQ | 12191.40 | 1502.36 | — | 12008.64 | 1502.95 | =HC | −.23 | |||
| HC | 12487.08 | 1532.91 | — | 12432.30 | 1533.56 | — | ||||
| Lateral orbitofrontal | LH: F(3, 378) = 7.48, P < .001; RH: F(3, 378) = 3.93, P = .009 | CIQ | 7601.63 | 795.15 | <HC and DIQ and PIQ | −.79e | 7643.29 | 851.04 | <HC | −.55e |
| DIQ | 7981.65 | 782.00 | <HC | −.30 | 7887.34 | 836.90 | =HC | −.26 | ||
| PIQ | 8117.45 | 784.70 | =HC | −.18 | 7928.27 | 835.30 | =HC | −.21 | ||
| HC | 8216.70 | 769.39 | — | 8108.94 | 852.38 | — | ||||
| Medial orbitofrontal | RH: F(3, 378) = 5.25, P = .001 | CIQ | 5488.09 | 709.93 | — | 5219.30 | 585.47 | <HC | −.66e | |
| DIQ | 5733.61 | 698.2 | — | 5488.51 | 575.80 | =HC | −.21 | |||
| PIQ | 5659.09 | 696.86 | — | 5498.74 | 574.66 | =HC | −.19 | |||
| HC | 5846.06 | 711.12 | — | 5608.69 | 586.31 | — | ||||
| Middle temporal | LH: F(3, 378) = 5.81, P = .001; RH: F(3, 378) = 6.33, P < .001 | CIQ | 11441.47 | 1525.77 | <HC | −.39 | 12547.31 | 1536.52 | <HC | −.52 |
| DIQ | 11467.48 | 1500.50 | <HC | −.38 | 12742.12 | 1511.10 | <HC | −.40 | ||
| PIQ | 11249.40 | 1497.57 | <HC | −.52 | 12600.20 | 1508.16 | <HC | −.49 | ||
| HC | 12035.68 | 1528.11 | — | 13344.91 | 1538.87 | — | ||||
| Parahippocampal | LH: F(3, 378) = 4.00, P = .008 | CIQ | 2069.54 | 320.17 | <HC and DIQ and PIQ | −.57e | 1969.82 | 312.98 | — | |
| DIQ | 2235.98 | 314.90 | =HC | −.05 | 2101.15 | 307.80 | — | |||
| PIQ | 2216.11 | 314.27 | =HC | −.11 | 2037.46 | 307.18 | — | |||
| HC | 2251.83 | 320.63 | — | 2108.74 | 313.50 | — | ||||
| Pars opercularis | RH: F(3, 378) = 3.44, P = .02 | CIQ | 4903.83 | 890.43 | — | −.41 | 4103.53 | 714.04 | =HC | −.41e |
| DIQ | 5075.91 | 875.70 | — | −.22 | 4158.74 | 702.20 | =HC | −.34 | ||
| PIQ | 5160.64 | 873.98 | — | −.13 | 4208.90 | 700.88 | =HC | −.27 | ||
| HC | 5273.59 | 891.78 | — | 4398.32 | 715.13 | — | ||||
| Pars orbitalis | LH: F(3, 378) = 4.70, P = .003; RH: F(3, 378) = 4.80, P = .003 | CIQ | 2217.42 | 304.96 | <HC | −.51e | 2734.77 | 413.95 | <HC | −.46e |
| DIQ | 2276.26 | 299.90 | <HC | −.32 | 2779.57 | 407.10 | <HC | −.36 | ||
| PIQ | 2254.05 | 299.33 | <HC | −.39 | 2758.69 | 406.25 | <HC | −.41 | ||
| HC | 2371.95 | 305.47 | — | 2926.06 | 414.59 | — | ||||
| Pars triangularis | RH: F(3, 378) = 5.56, P = .001 | CIQ | 3604.94 | 606.29 | — | 4073.36 | 776.79 | <HC and DIQ and PIQ | −.68e | |
| DIQ | 3734.62 | 596.30 | — | 4463.13 | 763.90 | =HC | −.18 | |||
| PIQ | 3679.73 | 595.07 | — | 4422.19 | 762.37 | =HC | −.23 | |||
| HC | 3867.34 | 607.31 | — | 4603.04 | 777.99 | — | ||||
| Precentral | RH: F(3, 378) = 4.61, P = .004 | CIQ | 13091.18 | 1441.99 | — | 13097.08 | 1451.04 | <HC | −.54e | |
| DIQ | 13568.81 | 1418.1 | — | 13383.43 | 1427.00 | <HC | −.35 | |||
| PIQ | 13685.61 | 1415.33 | — | 13681.55 | 1424.22 | =HC | −.14 | |||
| HC | 13776.86 | 1444.26 | — | 13886.62 | 1453.33 | — | ||||
| Rostral middle frontal | LH: F(3, 378) = 5.10, P = .002; RH: F(3, 378) = 3.96, P = .008 | CIQ | 15922.51 | 2075.34 | <HC | −.61e | 16567.98 | 2077.95 | <HC | −.55e |
| DIQ | 16637.01 | 2010.90 | =HC | −.27 | 17307.51 | 2043.50 | =HC | −.20 | ||
| PIQ | 16496.78 | 2036.97 | =HC | −.33 | 17175.91 | 2039.52 | =HC | −.26 | ||
| HC | 17183.04 | 2078.52 | — | 17721.57 | 2081.12 | — | ||||
| Superior frontal | LH: F(3, 378) = 5.01, P = .002; RH: F(3, 378) = 4.85, P = .003 | CIQ | 22766.52 | 2459.90 | <HC and DIQ | −.63e | 22033.16 | 2563.75 | <HC and DIQ | −.59e |
| DIQ | 23967.29 | 2419.20 | =HC | −.14 | 23262.33 | 2521.30 | =HC | −.11 | ||
| PIQ | 23606.27 | 2424.51 | =HC | −.29 | 22728.39 | 2516.40 | <HC | −.32 | ||
| HC | 24305.33 | 2463.70 | — | 23545.91 | 2567.76 | — | ||||
| Superior temporal | LH: F(3, 392) = 3.26, P = .009; RH: F(3, 378) = 3.54, P = .02 | CIQ | 12149.52 | 1457.95 | =HC | −.46e | 11762.27 | 1409.80 | <HC | −.48e |
| DIQ | 12563.03 | 1433.80 | =HC | −.18 | 12099.70 | 1386.50 | =HC | −.25 | ||
| PIQ | 12261.24 | 1431.05 | <HC | −.39 | 12021.85 | 1383.74 | =HC | −.30 | ||
| HC | 12822.84 | 1460.20 | — | 12444.80 | 1411.99 | — | ||||
| Supra marginal | RH: F(3, 378) = 5.12, P = .02 | CIQ | 11606.79 | 1691.13 | — | 10446.57 | 1515.01 | <HC | −.53e | |
| DIQ | 11760.31 | 1663.10 | — | 10721.11 | 1489.90 | <HC | −.35 | |||
| PIQ | 11619.21 | 1659.92 | — | 10682.73 | 1487.07 | <HC | −.38 | |||
| HC | 11856.57 | 1693.74 | — | 11254.56 | 1517.36 | — | ||||
| Frontal pole | RH: F(3, 378) = 6.97, P < .001 | CIQ | 800.39 | 163.92 | — | 1051.86 | 201.18 | <HC | −.61e | |
| DIQ | 840.99 | 161.20 | — | 1107.16 | 197.80 | <HC | −.34 | |||
| PIQ | 825.64 | 160.89 | — | 1072.84 | 197.44 | <HC | −.51 | |||
| HC | 845.13 | 164.20 | — | 1174.36 | 201.53 | — | ||||
| Temporal pole | LH: F(3, 378) = 5.52, P = .004 | CIQ | 2473.33 | 403.88 | <HC and DIQ and PIQ | −.72e | 2348.56 | 383.53 | <HC | −.53e |
| DIQ | 2673.99 | 397.20 | =HC | −.22 | 2436.54 | 377.10 | =HC | −.31 | ||
| PIQ | 2644.84 | 396.43 | =HC | −.30 | 2426.84 | 376.44 | <HC | −.33 | ||
| HC | 2736.53 | 404.48 | — | 2553.89 | 384.13 | — | ||||
Note: CIQ, compromised patients; DIQ, deteriorated schizophrenia patients; PIQ, putatively preserved schizophrenia patients; LH, left hemisphere; RH, right hemisphere.
aAll Ps thresholded at a false discovery rate of 5%.
bAll values are adjusted for age, gender, site, and ICV.
cIf a comparison is not reported, it did not survive post hoc comparison correction. =HC (healthy controls) implies no significant difference to HCs; <HC implies significant reductions relative to HCs.
d d = Cohen’s d effect sizes for patient–control comparisons.
eRepresents qualitatively larger control–patient effect sizes in compromised patients.