Table 1.

Existing Sleep Disruption Studies Addressing Psychotic Experiences

Citation	N	Sample Characteristics	Psychotic Experience Measure	Sleep Manipulation	Findings
Hurdiel et al16	17	Volunteers completing ultramarathon event	Hallucinations—open ended question on completion	Sleep deprivation	4 out of 17 participants reported experiencing hallucinations during the exercise event
				Average 46 h 38 min (measured by actigraphy)
Kahn-Green et al15	25	Nonclinical volunteers (recruited from military)	PAI (pre- and postsleep deprivation)	Sleep deprivation	Sleep deprivation resulted in an increase in anxiety, depression, and paranoia, but not manic-related symptoms or schizophrenia symptom factors
				56 h (in lab)
Petrovsky et al17	24	Nonclinical volunteers (Students)	PSI (pre- and postsleep deprivation)	Sleep deprivation	Sleep deprivation induced perceptual distortions, cognitive disorganization, and anhedonia, but not mania, paranoia, or delusional thinking
				Overnight sleep deprivation (in lab)

Note: PAI, Personality Assessment Inventory¹⁸ ; PSI, Psychotomimetic States Inventory.¹⁹