TABLE I.

List of Tasks and Task Categories

Task categories	Tasks	Description of tasks
Direct patient care	Physical care of patient	Patient assessment, procedures, assisting clinicians, transporting patient, hand hygiene, obtaining or preparing medications, observing clinicians’ care activities
	Use of monitors and devices	Adjusting medical devices, observing monitors and equipment
	Patient conversation	Conversing with patient
	Order management, including medications	Review and documentation of orders and medication administration records
	Clinical review and documentation	Review and documentation other than medications and orders, such as the patient chart, nursing documentation, and notes
Care coordination	Conversation with physician	Conversing with physicians, including residents and physician assistants
	Conversation with nurse	Conversing with other nurses
	Conversation with other ICU staff	Conversing with unit pharmacist, respiratory therapist, and unit desk clerk
	Conversation attendance	Standing, listening, not actively participating in conversation
	Conversation with patient’s family	Conversing with patient’s family
Indirect patient care	Conversation with other non-ICU staff	Conversing with other ancillary clinical personnel, such as laboratory, radiology, physical therapy, or nutritionists
	Administrative review and documentation	Review and documentation of other administrative documents
Nonpatient care	Conversation with nonclinical staff	Conversing with nonclinical staff, such as housekeeping or IT, or unidentified people, including unidentified telephone calls.
	Nonclinical manual tasks	Other nonclinical manual tasks
	In-between tasks	Idle or waiting, time in transit, looking, or searching
	Education and learning	Lectures, reading
	Other tasks	Other undefined tasks