TABLE 2.

Time Spent by Intensive Care Unit Nurses on Tasks

	AICU (%)	CICU (%)	NICU (%)	PICU (%)	Total (%)	η²	Cohen’s d
Total direct patient care	51.28	58.69	49.90	47.07	51.77	.112	0.710
Physical care of patient	14.52	14.12	23.19	17.08	17.12	.209	1.028
Use of monitors and devices	10.25	12.16	7.27	5.60	8.84	.149	0.837
Patient conversation	2.32	3.41	0.52	2.22	2.15	.238	1.118
Order management, including medications	3.97	2.97	2.58	4.27	3.47	.036	0.386
Clinical review and documentation	20.22	26.03	16.34	17.90	20.19	.121	0.742
Total care coordination	21.14	21.86	20.05	28.37	22.91	.069	0.545
Conversation with physician	3.01	3.51	1.67	3.70	3.00	.128	0.766
Conversation with nurse	12.29	12.59	10.70	17.01	13.19	.018	0.271
Conversation with other ICU staff	1.51	1.63	1.39	2.18	1.68	.025	0.320
Conversation attendance	1.35	1.20	3.59	2.63	2.17	.054	0.478
Conversation with patient’s family	2.97	2.94	2.69	2.85	2.87	.055	0.482
Total indirect patient care	2.93	1.78	1.79	1.00	2.09	.159	0.870
Conversation with other non-ICU staff	1.97	1.60	0.53	0.20	1.09	.111	0.707
Administrative review and documentation	0.96	0.18	1.26	0.30	0.66	.113	0.714
Total nonpatient care	24.65	17.67	28.26	24.05	23.57	.155	0.857
Conversation with nonclinical staff	3.83	4.21	9.77	7.28	6.21	.028	0.339
Nonclinical manual tasks	5.27	5.57	7.78	4.46	5.73	.075	0.570
In between tasks	9.55	6.31	7.00	9.03	7.99	.057	0.412
Education and learning	0.57	0.00	0.66	0.80	0.50	.038	0.398
Other tasks	5.44	1.57	3.05	2.48	3.14	.045	0.434
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00

Note. Eta-square estimates the proportion of the variability explained by unit (Trusty et al., 2004). Cohen’s d is also provided for use in meta-analyses. ICU = intensive care unit; AICU = adult intensive care unit; CICU = cardiac intensive care unit; NICU = neonatal intensive care unit; PICU = pediatric intensive care unit.