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. 2017 Nov 2;103(4):356–362. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313777

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Mean z-scores and 95% CIs for each area of learning at 5 years of age in children with an isolated cleft compared with the general population mean. See the text for further explanation. CD, creative development; CLL, communication, language and literacy; KUW, knowledge and understanding of the world; MAT, mathematical development; PD, physical development; PSE, personal, social and emotional development.