Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample
| Total | Self-reported Alcohol Consumption |
p-value (chi-square or ANOVA) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Consumption |
Moderate Consumption |
Heavy Consumption |
|||
|
| |||||
| N = 5,380 | N = 2,859 | N = 2,017 | N = 480 | ||
| Age | 44.4 (16.2) | 41.2 (15.9) | 47.3 (15.9) | 51.8 (13.9) | <.001 |
| Females | 58.2 % | 76.7 % | 44.2 % | 7.5 % | <.001 |
| Married | 59.9 % | 54.0 % | 64.1 % | 79.2 % | <.001 |
| High school or higher education | 33.5 % | 39.2 % | 30.4 % | 11.7 % | <.001 |
| Biomarkers of liver health | |||||
| GGT (U/L) | 28.2 (39.0) | 20.8 (25.1) | 30.4 (35.8) | 62.9 (78.8) | <.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.6 (14.2) | 20.3 (11.8) | 22.0 (13.7) | 28.0 (23.8) | <.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.4 (22.1) | 22.9 (21.1) | 26.3 (21.5) | 36.1 (27.1) | <.001 |
| MCV (fL) | 86.6 (9.3) | 85.8 (9.1) | 87.0 (9.4) | 89.3 (10.0) | <.001 |
| Smokers | 20.9 % | 18.5 % | 22.0 % | 28.3 % | <.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (4.6) | 24.9 (4.9) | 25.9 (4.2) | 27.4 (4.1) | <.001 |
| Liver Diseases (Yes) | 6.9% | 7.1 % | 6.7 % | 6.3 % | .706 |
Note. Mean (unadjusted) and standard deviations are reported if not otherwise specified. 47.6 % of the total sample reported to drink alcohol beverages; drinking categories: no consumption; moderate consumption (1–20 drink/week for women; 1–27 drinks/week for men); and heavy consumption (≥21 drink/week for women; ≥28 drink/week for men).
GGT = gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; MCV = mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes.