Table 2.
Associations between personality and self-reported alcohol consumption
| Self-reported Alcohol Consumption |
Multinomial Logistic Regressions ORs (95% CI) |
Linear Regressions (βs) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| No consumption |
Moderate consumption |
Heavy consumption |
Heavy vs. moderate consumption |
No consumption vs. moderate consumption |
Number of drinks/week |
|
| Neuroticism | 5.49 (.02) | 5.51 (.02) | 5.61 (.04) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | .02 |
| N1: Anxiety | 5.72 (.02) | 5.70 (.02) | 5.69 (.04) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | −.01 |
| N2: Angry Hostility | 5.36 (.02) | 5.37 (.02) | 5.42 (.04) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | .02 |
| N3: Depression | 5.45 (.02) | 5.47 (.02) | 5.56 (.04) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | .02 |
| N4: Self-consciousness | 5.25 (.02) | 5.21 (.02) | 5.30 (.05) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) | .00 |
| N5: Impulsiveness | 4.70 (.02) | 4.79 (.02) | 4.95 (.04) | 1.21 (1.06–1.37)** | 0.89 (0.83–0.96)** | .05** |
| N6: Vulnerability | 5.68 (.02) | 5.70 (.02) | 5.80 (.05) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | .02 |
| Extraversion | 4.82 (.02) | 4.90 (.02) | 4.90 (.04) | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96)** | .03* |
| E1: Warmth | 4.80 (.02) | 4.84 (.02) | 4.86 (.05) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | .01 |
| E2: Gregariousness | 5.41 (.02) | 5.45 (.02) | 5.50 (.05) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | .02 |
| E3: Assertiveness | 4.73 (.02) | 4.77 (.02) | 4.68 (.04) | 0.87 (0.77–1.00)*a | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | .00 |
| E4: Activity | 5.23 (.02) | 5.25 (.02) | 5.17 (.04) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | .00 |
| E5: Excitement-seeking | 4.63 (.02) | 4.73 (.02) | 4.76 (.04) | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 0.87 (0.81–0.93)** | .04** |
| E6: Positive emotions | 4.47 (.02) | 4.55 (.02) | 4.60 (.05) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99)* | .02* |
| Openness | 4.58 (.02) | 4.69 (.02) | 4.62 (.04) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97)* | 0.87 (0.81–0.93)** | .03* |
| O1: Fantasy | 5.06 (.02) | 5.12 (.02) | 5.10 (.04) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.93 (0.86–0.99)* | .01 |
| O2: Aesthetics | 5.17 (.02) | 5.26 (.02) | 5.27 (.04) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | 0.88 (0.81–0.95)** | .04** |
| O3: Feelings | 4.58 (.02) | 4.66 (.02) | 4.60 (.04) | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97)** | .01 |
| O4: Actions | 4.90 (.02) | 4.99 (.02) | 4.99 (.05) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.89 (0.84–0.95)** | .03* |
| O5: Ideas | 4.45 (.02) | 4.50 (.02) | 4.36 (.04) | 0.82 (0.72–0.92)** | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) | −.00 |
| O6: Values | 4.10 (.02) | 4.15 (.02) | 4.12 (.04) | 0.92 (0.81–1.06) | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | .00 |
| Agreeableness | 4.74 (.02) | 4.66 (.02) | 4.60 (.04) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20)** | −.05** |
| A1: Trust | 4.31 (.02) | 4.29 (.02) | 4.23 (.05) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | −.02 |
| A2: Straightforwardness | 4.85 (.02) | 4.75 (.02) | 4.76 (.05) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20)** | −.03** |
| A3: Altruism | 4.77 (.02) | 4.71 (.02) | 4.70 (.05) | 0.97 (0.86–1.08) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14)* a | −.03* |
| A4: Compliance | 4.45 (.02) | 4.33 (.02) | 4.22 (.05) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 1.11 (1.04–1.17)** | −.06** |
| A5: Modesty | 5.27 (.02) | 5.20 (.02) | 5.19 (.04) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 1.10 (1.02–1.18)* | −.03** |
| A6: Tender-mindedness | 5.34 (.02) | 5.39 (.02) | 5.35 (.05) | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | .01 |
| Conscientiousness | 5.01 (.02) | 4.93 (.02) | 4.76 (.04) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89)** | 1.10 (1.03–1.18)** | −.05** |
| C1: Competence | 4.29 (.02) | 4.28 (.02) | 4.18 (.04) | 0.87 (0.77–0.98)* | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | −.02 |
| C2: Order | 4.93 (.02) | 4.84 (.02) | 4.62 (.05) | 0.75 (0.67–0.85)** | 1.10 (1.03–1.17)** | −.05** |
| C3: Dutifulness | 5.14 (.02) | 5.09 (.02) | 5.01 (.04) | 0.88 (0.78–1.00)*a | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | −.03** |
| C4: Achievement Striving | 5.03 (.02) | 5.01 (.02) | 4.91 (.04) | 0.87 (0.78–0.98)*a | 1.02 (0.96–1.10) | −.02 |
| C5: Self-discipline | 4.90 (.02) | 4.82 (.02) | 4.70 (.04) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95)** | 1.10 (1.03–1.18)** | −.05** |
| C6: Deliberation | 5.62 (.02) | 5.54 (.02) | 5.44 (.05) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 1.08 (1.01–1.14)* | −.03* |
Note. Means (and standard errors) of personality traits and facets are adjusted for sociodemographic factors and administration mode. ORs = Odds Ratios; 95 % CI = 95 % Confidence Interval. The reference category in multinomial regression was moderate alcohol consumption; ORs are expressed as 1SD increase in each personality trait or facet of interest.
a
Effects were reduced to non-significance when controlling for smoking and BMI, and when excluding individuals with liver diseases.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01.