Fig. 2.

Possible scenario for adoptive transfer of AMSCs for anti-aging in the GI tract. The ‘inflamm-aging’, chronic inflammatory responses may hamper induction of antigen-specific immune responses when active immunization is initiated. It is possible that AMSCs could reduce inflamm-aging and facilitate the subsequent restoration of antigen-specific protective immunity. Further, AMSC adoptive transfer may increase the numbers of immature DCs which leads to up-regulation of APC functions. Finally, adoptive transfer of AMSCs could result in changes in the microbiota in order to correct intestinal dysbiosis in aged mice.