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Microbiota priming of CD4 T and B cell repertoires. For T cells (upper path); HIV-1-reactive T cells can be activated by antigens with sequence homology between HIV and microbiota proteins. For B cells (lower path); a dominant B cell response to HIV-1 infection and vaccination can be shaped by microbiota stimulation of a pre-existing pool of polyreactive B cells. Thus, microbiota-stimulated CD4 T and B cells can respond to viral antigens in the setting of infection or vaccination.
