Table 3. Relative content of C3G metabolites produced by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli at different incubation times in anaerobic conditions at 37 °C.
Compound (relative content) | B. infantis | B. bifidum | B. adolescentis | L. acidophilus | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incubation time (h) | ||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 48 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 48 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 48 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 24 | 48 | |
benzoic acid | 0.42 | 0.73 | 1.23 | 1.04 | 1.51 | 0.97 | 1.16 | 1.20 | 1.26 | 1.81 | 0.57 | 0.89 | 1.16 | 1.47 | 1.35 | 0.45 | 0.84 | 1.33 | 1.65 | 1.14 |
phenylacetic acid | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | n.d | 0.01 | 0.03 | n.d | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | n.d | n.d | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
phenylpropanoic acid | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 0.29 |
2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.01 | n.d | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | n.d | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
phenylalanine | n.d | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.13 |
4-hydroxyphenylethanol | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
phenyllactic acid | 0.30 | 0.60 | 7.98 | 9.63 | 11.30 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 2.44 | 3.76 | 2.64 | 3.84 | 4.52 | 7.61 | 16.67 | 10.74 | 1.42 | 1.89 | 0.70 | 12.62 | 14.10 |
4-hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.07 |
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.05 |
4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.18 |
4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | n.d | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.17 | n.d | n.d | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
n.d, not detected.
Bacterial media were taken from the in vitro fermentation at 1, 2, 4, 24 and 48 h, and twelve metabolites of C3G were detected in all bacterial media by GC-MS.