Table 2.

Main demographic events inferred from modern populations and subpopulations of H.pylori

Population	Subpopulation	Main human demographic events so far inferred	Main references
hpAfrica1	hspWAfrica	Prehistoric expansion of Bantu speakers (Eastern route), ~3,000 to 5,000 BP	(Nell et al., 2013)
	hspCAfrica	Prehistoric expansion of bantu speakers (Western route)	(Nell et al., 2013)
	hspSAfrica	Specific prehistoric Bantu migration of Nguni speakers from central West Africa along East coast	(Nell et al., 2013)
hpAfrica1/hpEurope hybrid	hspEuropeColombia	Post-Colombian migration of Europeans and Africans toward the New World	(Nell et al., 2013)
	hspAfrica1NAmerica,,	Migration of Africans (along with Europeans) toward the New World during the colonial-era slave trade	(Thorell et al., 2017)
	hspAfrica1Nicaragua	Migration of Africans (along with Europeans) toward the New World during the colonial-era slave trade	(Thorell et al., 2017)
	hspMiscAmerica	Migration of Africans (along with Europeans) toward the New World during the colonial-era slave trade	(Thorell et al., 2017)
hpAfrica2	hspNorthSan	Colonization of specific groups of Khoisan peoples (Xun and Khwe)	(Thorell et al., 2017)
	hspSouthSan	Colonization of specific groups of Khoisan peoples (Khomani)	(Linz et al., 2007; Moodley et al., 2012)
hpNEAfrica	hspENEAfrica	Prehistoric expansion of Nilo-Saharan speakers	(Moodley et al., 2012)
	hspCNEAfrica	Prehistoric expansion of Nilo-Saharan speakers during the Holocene humid period	(Nell et al., 2013)
hpSahu1	hspAustralia	Peopling of Sahul and isolation in Australia after the Last Glacial Maximum	(Nell et al., 2013)
	hspNGuinea	Peopling of Sahul and isolation in New Guinea after the Last Glacial Maximum	(Moodley et al., 2009)
hpAsia2	hspLadakh	Past peopling of the eastern Eurasia and isolation in Himalayas	(Breurec et al., 2011; Tay et al., 2009)
	hspIndia	Past peopling of the eastern Eurasia as well as spread of Uralic speakers out of Siberia	(Breurec et al., 2011; Tay et al., 2009)
hpEurope	hspEuropeS, hspEuropeN	Prehistoric mixing of populations (from Africa and Asia) during colonization of Europe	(Thorell et al., 2017)
		Post-Colombian expansion of Europeans during the colonial era, ~500 BP	(Falush et al., 2003b)
hpEastAsia	hspEAsia	Expansion of Chinese speakers (sino-Tibetan), ~3000 years ago during the Zhou Dynasty	(Falush et al., 2003b; Moodley et al., 2009)
	hspAmerind	Prehistoric migration across the Bering strait and colonization of the Americas, >12,000 BP	(Falush et al., 2003b)
	hspMaori	Expansion of Austronesian Speakers into the Pacific	(Linz et al., 2007; Moodley et al.,2009)