Table 5.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses for discrimination in health-care settings based on recognizability as transgender among 6106 transgender in the U.S., adjusted for demographic characteristics, experiential and medical factors (Model 4)a
| Discrimination in a health-care settingc (N = 6106) | Discrimination in rape crisis or domestic violence center (N = 3088) | Discrimination in mental health clinic or drug treatment program (N = 4249) | Discrimination in hospital/doctor/ambulance or emergency room setting (N = 5618) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | OR (CI)b | OR (CI)b | OR (CI)b | OR (CI)b |
| People can tell I’m trans/GNC | ||||
| Always | 1.48* (1.09, 2.00) | 5.22* (2.67, 10.19) | 1.87* (1.22, 2.88) | 1.19 (0.88, 1.62) |
| Most of the time | 1.20 (0.94, 1.53) | 3.09* (1.65, 5.67) | 1.62* (1.13, 2.32) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) |
| Sometimes | 0.80 (0.64, 1.00) | 2.67* (1.50, 4.76) | 1.31 (0.94, 1.83) | 0.78* (0.62, 0.97) |
| Occasionally | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | 2.18* (1.34, 3.56) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.07) |
| Never | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Assigned sex at birth | ||||
| Male | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Female | 0.88 (0.74, 1.06) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.63) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.06) |
| Ethnicity/race | ||||
| White | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Black/African American | 0.77 (0.55, 1.09) | 1.43 (0.80, 2.55) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.16) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.14) |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1.93* (1.44, 2.60) | 1.63 (0.90, 2.93) | 1.57* (1.08, 2.27) | 1.89* (1.43, 2.51) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1.19 (0.88, 1.61) | 1.17 (0.62, 2.20) | 1.35 (0.89, 2.05) | 1.27 (0.94, 1.72) |
| Asian Pacific/Islander | 0.85 (0.54, 1.32) | 0.42 (0.10, 1.80) | 1.08 (0.58, 2.03) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.33) |
| Arab/Middle Eastern | 1.35 (0.58, 3.16) | 3.96* (1.11, 14.05) | 1.53 (0.53, 4.46) | 1.46 (0.62, 3.40) |
| Multiracial/mixed race | 1.44* (1.15, 1.80) | 1.84* (1.19, 2.85) | 1.74* (1.30, 2.32) | 1.57* (1.26, 1.94) |
| Education | ||||
| Low | 0.62* (0.51, 0.76) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.64) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.29) | 0.59* (0.48, 0.71) |
| Medium | 0.75* (0.64, 0.87) | 1.08 (0.72, 1.61) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) | 0.72* (0.62, 0.84) |
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Sex work | 2.85* (2.29, 3.55) | 5.21* (3.65, 7.43) | 2.90* (2.25, 3.73) | 2.27* (1.84, 2.81) |
| Drug sales | 1.93* (1.53, 2.44) | 1.37 (0.91, 2.08) | 1.85* (1.40, 2.45) | 1.95* (1.56, 2.44) |
| Other street economy | 2.38* (1.67, 3.40) | 2.80* (1.64, 4.78) | 2.13* (1.43, 3.16) | 2.39* (1.71, 3.34) |
| Jail/prison | 1.27* (1.07, 1.51) | 1.31 (0.94, 1.84) | 1.51* (1.21, 1.88) | 1.20* (1.01, 1.42) |
| Gender-related mental health diagnosis | 2.16* (1.91, 2.44) | 1.86* (1.37, 2.51) | 2.00* (1.66, 2.41) | 2.11* (1.87, 2.38) |
| Disability | 1.16* (1.02, 1.31) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) | 1.17* (1.03, 1.32) |
| HIV status | ||||
| HIV negative | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| HIV positive | 0.81 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.49, 1.75) | 1.16 (0.70, 1.92) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.27) |
| I don’t know my status | 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.76) | 1.17 (0.85, 1.60) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.18) |
Adjusted for: people can tell I’m trans/GNC, age, sex at birth, ethnicity/race, education, sex work, drug sales, other street economy, jail/prison, gender-related mental health diagnosis, disability, and HIV status
* Significance at .05 level
aThe total, N, varies from variable to variable because of missing data and also exclusion of those who responded as “not applicable” because they have not tried to access the setting
bOR odds ratio, CI 95% Confidence Interval
cHealth-care setting is a combination of all the settings: hospital/doctor, emergency room, ambulance/emergency medical technician, rape crisis center, domestic violence shelter, mental health clinic and drug treatment program