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. 2018 Apr 3;9:629. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00629

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Copyright © 2018 Mortzfeld, Taubenheim, Fraune, Klimovich and Bosch.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation showing the effect of FoxO on AMP expression and metaorganism homeostasis. (Left) In a state of intact FoxO signaling and metaorganism homeostasis, FoxO acts as an activator on the expression of AMPs of the families Hydramacin, Kazal, and Arminin in the epithelial tissue (epi). This results in a unique cocktail of AMPs in the glycocalyx (gly) of the animals, shaping the microbiome in a species-specific manner. (Right) FoxO deficiency reduces the overall expression of AMPs. Decreased levels of AMPs reduce the host selection over symbiotic bacteria colonizing the glycocalyx. Due to a higher tolerance an increased diversity of non-species-specific bacteria can settle. This demonstrates impairment in microbiome resilience and metaorganism homeostasis caused by FoxO deficiency. i-cells: interstitial stem cells.