Table-1.

Effect of vectors-cum-pests on production from livestock resulting in a reduction in economic gains.

Pest species	Economic losses
House flies	3.3% decrease in milk production [20]
Stable flies	5% decrease in milk production [21]
Tabanid flies	0.08-0.10 Kg loss of weight per day when animal exposed to 66-90 flies. Decreased feed efficiency by 16.9% [22]
Culicoides spp. (Biting midges)	Transmission of bovine ephemeral fever (loss of draught work), BT outbreaks results in 6 million US dollar loss [23]
Simulium spp.(Black flies)	Severe morbidity and mortality due to attack by swarms [24], Reduced milk production and weight gain by 50% [25]
Mosquitoes	Annual loss in terms of production and control costs amounting to 5 million US dollar annually [26] in the USA
Haematobia irritans (Horn fly)	Decrease weight gain and milk production [27]. Increased weight in fly free animals by 1.06 kg/day [28]. In Australia, third most costly disease to cattle producers with the average loss of production around $30 per head per year. Total national economic impact is estimated to be over $98.7 million a year [29]
Lice	In HF calves, weight losses up to 9.1 kg [30]. Total annual losses in American cattle from lice US $126.3 million [21]
Mange mites	Decreased feed conversion efficiency, reduced milk production of 10-15%
Cattle grubs	Reduced milk flow and reduced weight gain. Excessive trimming of hides
Ticks	$ 275.7 million annual loss [21] Transmission of tickborne diseases and cost of tick control. The index in which each engorged female would be responsible for 8.90 mL of milk reduction [31]. Estimated reductions of up to 50% of milk production on dairy farms were related in the available literature [32]
B. microplus	Australia US$ 62 million [33]