Table-2.

Projected economic losses from important vectors-cum-pests of livestock in India.

S.No.	Species of the pest	Direct losses estimated	Total milk# production in India	Projected loss of milk production	Projected loss in ₹	Any other losses estimated
1	House flies (non-biting fly)	3.3% decreased milk production [20]	Total 132.43 million tons during 2012-13 in India	@3.3%-4.37 million tones	@₹ 38 L/Kg = ₹ 16606 crore per annum	Public health and public nuisance [34]. Unsanitary milk production [26]
2	Biting midges Culicoides (biting and bloodsucking fly)	Transmission of bovine ephemeral fever (loss of draught work), bluetongue outbreaks result in 6 million US dollar loss [23] Total 18.97% loss of milk production [36]	Total 132.43 million tons during 2012-13 in India	@18.97%-25.12 million tones	@₹ 38 L/Kg = ₹ 95463 crore per annum	BT disease has special status which restricts free trade of animals accounts for 125 million US Dollar revenue annually [35]
			7.02 L/day crossbred cow	@18.97%1.33 L/day loss	₹ 50.54 cow/day
			2.36 L/day indigenous/ND cow	@18.97%0.45 L/day loss	₹17.10 cow/day
			4.80 L/day Indian buffalo	@18.97%0.91 L/day	₹35.48 buffalo/day
3	Ticks (many species)	$ 275.7 million annual loss due to transmission of tick-borne diseases and cost of tick control [21] Reduction of 23% in milk yield/day crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows [37] Reduction of 529 kg (26%) of milk/lactation in Holstein cows [38] Total losses and control of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in India costs, 57.2 million US dollars annually In India, almost all the livestock species suffer from tick infestations India alone the cost of TTBDs in animals has been estimated to the tune of US$ 498.7 million (more than 2000 crore) per annum [39]	Total 132.43 million tons during 2012-13 in India	@23.0%-30.46 million tones	@₹ 38 L/Kg = 115748 crore INR ₹ per annum	Tick pyemia, tick toxicosis, tick paralysis TTBD’s have been implicated to cause projected loss of about $500 million annually [40-43] Production losses in dairy cows due to tick infestation are estimated to be 8.9 mL of milk and 1 gram live weight gain per engorging female tick per day [44] In Australia,[45] estimated that an animal with an average of 40 ticks/day could lose weight equivalent to 20 kg/year
			7.02 L/day CB cow	@23%-1.61 L/day loss	₹ 61.18 cow/day
			2.36 L/day/indigenous/ND cow	@23%-0.54 L/day loss	₹ 20.52 cow/day
			4.80 L/day/ Indian buffalo	@23%-1.10 L/day loss	₹ 41.80 buffalo/day

^#Total milk production and average milk production per individual animal are referred from Annual Report 2013-14, Government of India [46]. For calculation of total loss in terms of INR (₹), rate of milk/L is considered as average ₹38/L for buffalo/cow milk