Table 2.

Synthetic polymeric materials used in prevention of adhesion.

Material	Animal	Position	Follow-up	Results	Reference
PLGA	Rabbit	L5–L7	1, 12 and 24 weeks	Continuous linear adipose tissue regenerated; a distinct area of adipose tissue just overlaying the dura mater prevents formation of epidural fibrosis	[33]
ADCON-L	Patient	L1–L5	6 months	No operative or postoperative complications. No, mild or mild to moderate scarring in most patients; substantial reductions in pain and no significant differences between two groups.	[35]
	Rat	L3–L5	6 weeks	Histopathological grades were improved; the mean values of the fibroblast count were not statistically significant	[36]
e-PTFE	Patient	Laminectomy defect region	3–24 months	Significantly lower rate of epidural fibrosis on MRI and of clinical manifestations of radiculalgia; epidural fibrosis was generally less extensive, but more seromas occurred	[37]
MAACP-nHA	Goat	C3-C5	4–24 weeks	Adhesion was significantly slighter; no dislocation of artificial lamina; no soft tissue projected into the spinal canal; artificial lamina had no obvious degradation with high integrity; some new bone formed at the interface between the synthetic material and bone	[38]
PLGA-PEG-PLGA	Rat	L2–L4	4 weeks	No cytotoxicity; The extent of epidural fibrosis, the area of epidural fibrosis and the density of fibroblasts and blood vessel were evaluated histologically. The efficiency of the PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermogel showed slightly improved comparing with the chitosan gel	[40], [41]

e-PTFE = expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; MAACP-nHA = multi-amino acid copolymer nano-hydroxyapatite; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging ; PEG = polyethylene glycol; PLGA = poly lactic-co-glycolic acid.