Table 2.
Randomised studies | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author [ref] | Sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding | Incomplete outcome reporting | Selective outcome reporting | Other potential threats to validity | Overall rating of bias | |
Bonkovsky [40] | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | |
Bruce [41] | Unclear | Unclear | No | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | |
Hilsden [42] | Yes | Unclear | No | No | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | |
Litwin [43] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
Observational studies | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author [ref] | Confounding | Selection of participants into the study | Classification of interventions | Deviations from intended intervention | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selection of the reported result | Overall rating of bias |
Cioe [19] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
Nosotti [27] | Serious | Critical | Moderate | Serious | Serious | Serious | Serious | Critical |