Table 2.
Summary of elements of the integrated care models reported across reviews
| Review (year) | Study population(s) and (setting) | Health system level of intervention(s) reported | Type(s) of integrated care intervention(s) | Key care or service elements within integrated care intervention(s) (n*) |
Discipline providers included | Description of control(s) | Outcome(s) reported | |||||||||||
| NU | GT | PH | GP | PA | PT | OT | DT | PS | SW | MS | OS | |||||||
| Alldred et al33 (2016) | People aged ≥65 years (living in care homes) | Professional (meso) level | Case management; multidisciplinary team care | Medication review (10); multidisciplinary team (4); professional education (5); clinical information management (1) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Usual care (by general practitioner) | Mortality; hospitalisation; adverse drug events; HRQoL; cost and resource utilisation | ||||||
| Berthelsen and Kristensson34 (2015) | Informal caregivers to people aged >65 years (community care settings) | Clinical (micro) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; self-management | Case management (4); patient education (3) | ● | ● | ● | ● | Usual care | Quality of care; physical functioning; psychological functioning | ||||||||
| Brown et al35 (2015) | People aged ≥60 years (receiving medical care in medical day hospitals) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Multidisciplinary team (7); comprehensive assessment (5) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | No comprehensive care; domiciliary care; or comprehensive care | Mortality; cost and resource utilisation; patient satisfaction; physical functioning | ||||
| Cochrane et al36 (2016) | People aged ≥65 years (living in own home) | Clinical (micro) level | Patient education; information provision to clients; individual multidisciplinary care plan; self-management | Medication review (1); comprehensive assessment (1); case management (1) | ● | ● | Usual care (standard home care) | Mortality; hospitalisation; HRQoL; cost and resource utilisation; physical functioning | ||||||||||
| Costa-de Lima et al44 (2015) | People aged ≥60 years (community-dwelling people receiving care in primary care settings) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; multidisciplinary care team; individual multidisciplinary care plan; interprofessional education | Case management; multidisciplinary team; comprehensive assessment; systematic risk screening; home visits; medication review; patient education; professional education | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | NS | Mortality; hospitalisation; patient satisfaction; physical functioning | |||
| Deschodt et al45 (2016) | Geriatric patients aged ≥60 years (within hospital settings—medical, surgical and intensive care units and emergency departments) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Comprehensive assessment; systematic risk screening; multidisciplinary team | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | NS | Physical functioning; psychological functioning; social functioning | |||||
| Ellis et al37 (2011) | People aged ≥65 years (admitted to hospital) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Comprehensive assessment (22); multidisciplinary team (22); discharge planning (4) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Usual care | Mortality; hospitalisation; cost and resource utilisation; physical functioning; psychological functioning | ||
| Fan et al46 (2015) | People aged ≥60 years (community based (home or outpatients) and hospital based (emergency department or hospital ward)) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Multidisciplinary team (7); comprehensive assessment (5) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | NS | Hospitalisation; cost and resource utilisation | ||||||
| Frank and Wilson47 (2015) | People aged ≥64 years (community-based care) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Case management (2); comprehensive assessment (2); multidisciplinary team (3); systematic risk screening (1); discharge planning (1) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | NS | Hospitalisation; quality of care; cost and resource utilisation | |||||||
| Handoll et al38 (2009) | People aged ≥50 years with surgically repaired proximal femur fracture (inpatient, home and ambulatory care) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Comprehensive assessment (6); multidisciplinary team (12); discharge planning (9); home visits (2) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Usual care | Mortality; hospitalisation; adverse events; physical functioning | ||
| Hickman et al39 (2015) | People aged ≥65 years (acute care inpatient setting) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; self-management; multidisciplinary team care | Comprehensive assessment (4); multidisciplinary team (6); discharge planning (4); medication review (1); patient education (1) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | NS | Hospitalisation; adverse events; HRQoL; physical functioning | |||
| Ke et al40 (2015) | Nurses caring for older people (hospital, community-based services and facility-based services) |
Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Centrality of client needs; patient education; interaction between professional and client; active client participation; multidisciplinary team care | Patient education; professional education | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | NA | NS | |||||||
| Lowthian et al41 (2015) | People aged ≥65 years (emergency department) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; individual multidisciplinary care plan; multidisciplinary team care | Comprehensive assessment (7); multidisciplinary team (1); discharge planning (8); systematic risk screening (3) | Usual care | Hospitalisation; physical functioning | ||||||||||||
| McClure et al42 (2005) | People aged ≥65 years (population based in a community) | Organisational (meso) level; system (macro) level | Social value creation; stakeholder management; interorganisational governance; population needs assessment | Population health interventions (5); policy interventions (1); professional education (1); home visits (3) | ● | ● | ● | Similar population | Mortality; hospitalisation; adverse events; cost and resource utilisation | |||||||||
| Phelan et al43 (2015) | People aged ≥55 years with dementia (community dwelling) | Clinical (micro) level; professional (meso) level | Case management; multidisciplinary team care; individual multidisciplinary care plan; interprofessional education | Case management (4); multidisciplinary team (4); comprehensive assessment (4); home visits (1); interprofessional education (1) | NS | Hospitalisation | ||||||||||||
*n, number of studies is reported where stated by the review authors. Not all reviews reported the number of primary studies that include specific care or service elements.
DT, dietitian; GP, general practitioner; GT, geriatrician; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; MS, medical specialist; NA, not applicable; NS, not stated; NU, nurse; OS, other staff; OT, occupational therapist; PA, pharmacist; PH, physician; PS, psychologist; PT, physiotherapist; SW, social worker.