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. 2018 Apr 7;8(4):e020656. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020656

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© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Mean values of adjusted FEV₁ measurements across quintiles of vitamin A, carotene and vitamin C intake (energy adjusted) in male patients with COPD according to smoking status. Values were adjusted for age, BMI, energy intake, number of comorbid diseases, alcohol consumption, place of residence, household income and education level. P values were determined using tests for linear trends across increasing quintiles (median) of antioxidant vitamin intake. BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s.