Table 2.
Associations between paternal factors and birth outcomes in the partially adjusted and fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression models.
| Preterm Birth OR (95% CI) |
Low Birthweight OR (95% CI) |
High Birthweight OR (95% CI) |
SGA OR (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Partially adjusted | Fully adjusted | Partially adjusted | Fully adjusted | Partially adjusted | Fully adjusted | Partially adjusted | Fully adjusted | |
| Paternal agea | 1.005 (0.998–1.012) |
1.005 (0.996–1.014) |
1.011** (1.004–1.019) |
1.012* (1.003–1.022) |
1.006 (0.999–1.012) |
1.007 (0.998–1.016) |
1.009*** (1.003–1.015) |
1.005 (0.997–1.013) |
| Paternal race/ethnicityb | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.994 (0.874–1.130) |
1.074 (0.897–1.286) |
1.326*** (1.164–1.511) |
1.244* (1.031–1.501) |
0.584*** (0.502–0.680) |
0.888 (0.728–1.084) |
1.857*** (1.670–2.063) |
1.380*** (1.185–1.607) |
| Hispanic |
0.853* (0.730–0.998) |
0.849 (0.708–1.019) |
1.048 (0.892–1.231) |
1.012 (0.837–1.223) |
0.638*** (0.539–0.754) |
0.780* (0.645–0.942) |
1.493*** (1.314–1.695) |
1.225** (1.052–1.427) |
| Non-Hispanic Others |
0.728** (0.583–0.909) |
0.702* (0.520–0.948) |
1.065 (0.859–1.321) |
1.051 (0.777–1.422) |
0.396*** (0.311–0.503) |
0.642** (0.470–0.876) |
2.168*** (1.872–2.512) |
1.748*** (1.402–2.179) |
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Paternal educationc | ||||||||
| < High school |
1.408*** (1.230–1.613) |
1.346*** (1.162–1.558) |
1.541*** (1.335–1.780) |
1.497*** (1.280–1.750) |
0.957 (0.830–1.104) |
1.122 (0.963–1.308) |
1.263*** (1.122–1.421) |
1.170* (1.028–1.332) |
| High school |
1.258*** (1.144–1.383) |
1.226*** (1.107–1.357) |
1.274*** (1.145–1.417) |
1.263*** (1.128–1.415) |
0.945 (0.863–1.035) |
0.987 (0.896–1.088) |
1.117* (1.022–1.221) |
1.093 (0.993–1.202) |
| > High school | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Maternal agea | - | 1.001 (0.989–1.014) |
0.998 (0.984–1.012) |
0.995 (0.983–1.006) |
1.012* (1.000–1.023) |
|||
| Maternal race/ethnicityb | - | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.863 (0.707–1.055) |
1.094 (0.893–1.340) |
0.539*** (0.426–0.682) |
1.533*** (1.303–1.803) |
||||
| Hispanic | 1.010 (0.839–1.217) |
1.05 (0.862–1.279) |
0.707** (0.576–0.867) |
1.402*** (1.200–1.639) |
||||
| Non-Hispanic Others | 1.057 (0.802–1.392) |
1.028 (0.766–1.379) |
0.497*** (0.367–0.674) |
1.366** (1.096–1.702) |
||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Maternal educationc | - | |||||||
| < High school | 1.147 (0.979–1.344) |
1.063 (0.899–1.258) |
0.640*** (0.535–0.764) |
1.238** (1.079–1.419) |
||||
| High school | 1.083 (0.968–1.213) |
1.006 (0.888–1.140) |
0.885* (0.792–0.988) |
1.097 (0.988–1.217) |
||||
| > High school | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
P values are indicated by asterisks, with *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
All models (partially adjusted and fully adjusted) include covariates, including sex of the infant, maternal diabetes, hypertension, smoking, illegal drug use, and financial assistance. Fully adjusted models also control for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and education.