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. 2018 Apr 3;13:1945–1962. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S153763

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© 2018 Tong et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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(A) Histopathologic assessment of myocardial damage; (B) CaSR expression in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (C) CSE expression in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (D) H₂S level in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (E) [Ca²⁺]_i level in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (F) CaM expression in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups.

Notes: (A) Light microscope images (×100) in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of histopathological assessment is shown in “i”. The histopathologic damage in DM-8w group is higher than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the histopathologic damage in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is lower than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the histopathologic damage in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly lower than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). (B) CaSR expression in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/ P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of CaSR expression is shown in “B-i”. The CaSR expression in DM-8w group is lower than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the CaSR expression in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the CaSR expression in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). (C) CSE expression in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of CSE expression is shown in “C-i”. The CSE expression in DM-8w group is lower than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the CSE expression in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the CSE expression in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). (D) The blood of Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups were collected and the levels of H₂S were measured. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. (E) The cardiac cells of Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups were collected and the levels of [Ca²⁺]_i were measured. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. (F) CaM expression in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of CaM expression is shown in “i”. The CaM expression in DM-8w group is lower than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the CaM expression in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the CaM expression in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/ P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). A significant decrease from Sham group is denoted by *p<0.01, a significant increase from DM-8w group is denoted by **p<0.01, and a significant increase from DM-8w group is denoted by ***p<0.01.

Abbreviations: CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor; DM, diabetes mellitus; CSE, cystathionine-γ-lyase; CaRS, calcium-sensing receptor stimulator; CaRI, calcium-sensing receptor inhibitor; CaM, calmodulin; P, poly(gamma-benzyl l-glutamate)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(gamma-benzyl l-glutamate); SD, standard deviation.

(A) Histopathologic assessment of myocardial damage; (B) CaSR expression in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (C) CSE expression in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (D) H₂S level in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (E) [Ca²⁺]_i level in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups; (F) CaM expression in Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups.

Notes: (A) Light microscope images (×100) in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of histopathological assessment is shown in “i”. The histopathologic damage in DM-8w group is higher than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the histopathologic damage in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is lower than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the histopathologic damage in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly lower than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). (B) CaSR expression in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/ P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of CaSR expression is shown in “B-i”. The CaSR expression in DM-8w group is lower than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the CaSR expression in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the CaSR expression in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). (C) CSE expression in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of CSE expression is shown in “C-i”. The CSE expression in DM-8w group is lower than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the CSE expression in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the CSE expression in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). (D) The blood of Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups were collected and the levels of H₂S were measured. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. (E) The cardiac cells of Sham, DM-8w, Curcumin, Curcumin/P, Curcumin+CaRS, Curcumin/P+CaRS, Curcumin+CaRI, and Curcumin/P+CaRI groups were collected and the levels of [Ca²⁺]_i were measured. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. (F) CaM expression in Sham group (a), DM-8w group (b), Curcumin group (c), Curcumin/P group (d), Curcumin+CaRS group (e), Curcumin/P+CaRS group (f), Curcumin+CaRI group (g), and Curcumin/P+CaRI group (h). The quantitative analysis of CaM expression is shown in “i”. The CaM expression in DM-8w group is lower than that in Sham group (p<0.01), and the CaM expression in Curcumin group, Curcumin+CaRS group, and Curcumin+CaRI group is higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01); the CaM expression in Curcumin/P group, Curcumin/ P+CaRS group, and Curcumin/P+CaRI group is significantly higher than that in DM-8w group (p<0.01). A significant decrease from Sham group is denoted by *p<0.01, a significant increase from DM-8w group is denoted by **p<0.01, and a significant increase from DM-8w group is denoted by ***p<0.01.

Abbreviations: CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor; DM, diabetes mellitus; CSE, cystathionine-γ-lyase; CaRS, calcium-sensing receptor stimulator; CaRI, calcium-sensing receptor inhibitor; CaM, calmodulin; P, poly(gamma-benzyl l-glutamate)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(gamma-benzyl l-glutamate); SD, standard deviation.