TABLE 3.
Distribution of aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen exposure (oral single agents only) among case groups in the National Birth Defect Prevention Study, 1997–2004
| Malformation/birth defect | na | Aspirin, n (%) | Ibuprofen, n (%) | Naproxen, n (%) | Unexposed, n (%)b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Exposed (n = 550) | As needed (n = 160) | Exposed (n = 2431) | As needed (n = 1230) | Exposed (n = 474) | As needed (n = 249) | |||
| Non-heart | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Anencephaly and craniorachischisis | 285 | 2 (4.2) | 1 (0.35) | 33 (11.6) | 25 (8.8) | 4 (1.4) | 4 (1.4) | 204 (71.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Spina bifida | 602 | 19 (3.2) | 2 (0.33) | 87 (14.5) | 40 (6.6) | 9 (1.5) | 1 (0.17) | 425 (70.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Encephalocele | 113 | 4 (3.5) | 0 | 9 (8.0) | 9 (8.0) | 5 (4.4) | 1 (0.88) | 82 (72.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hydrocephaly | 259 | 2 (0.77) | 2 (0.77) | 28 (10.8) | 13 (5.0) | 8 (3.1) | 2 (0.77) | 187 (72.2) |
|
| ||||||||
| Anophthalmia/microphthalmia | 123 | 8 (6.5) | 0 | 19 (15.5) | 2 (1.6) | 7 (5.7) | 1 (0.81) | 87 (70.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Cataracts | 157 | 3 (1.9) | 2 (1.3) | 18 (11.5) | 10 (6.4) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.64) | 114 (72.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Anotia/microtia | 349 | 10 (2.9) | 2 (0.57) | 31 (8.9) | 15 (4.3) | 7 (2.0) | 1 (0.29) | 271 (77.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Cleft lip ± cleft palate | 1423 | 34 (2.4) | 12 (0.84) | 188 (13.2) | 87 (6.1) | 45 (3.2) | 15 (1.1) | 1003 (70.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Cleft palate | 764 | 30 (3.9) | 5 (0.65) | 98 (12.8) | 52 (6.8) | 23 (3.0) | 14 (1.8) | 551 (72.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Esophageal atresia | 373 | 8 (2.1) | 0 | 42 (11.3) | 26 (7.0) | 8 (2.1) | 6 (1.6) | 270 (72.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| Intestinal atresia stenosis | 232 | 4 (1.7) | 2 (0.86) | 26 (11.2) | 11 (4.7) | 2 (0.86) | 2 (0.86) | 177 (76.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Anorectal atresia/stenosis | 540 | 15 (2.8) | 5 (0.93) | 59 (10.9) | 38 (7.1) | 11 (2.0) | 13 (2.4) | 384 (71.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hypospadias: 2nd/3rd degreec | 1081 | 26 (2.4) | 12 (1.1) | 99 (9.2) | 82 (7.6) | 21 (1.9) | 15 (1.4) | 811 (75.0) |
|
| ||||||||
| Longitudinal limb deficiency | 230 | 3 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) | 28 (12.2) | 19 (8.3) | 5 (2.2) | 1 (0.43) | 172 (74.8) |
|
| ||||||||
| Transverse limb deficiency | 359 | 8 (2.2) | 3 (0.84) | 41 (11.4) | 19 (5.3) | 11 (3.1) | 2 (0.56) | 268 (74.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Craniosynostosis | 633 | 16 (2.5) | 6 (0.95) | 72 (11.4) | 29 (4.6) | 9 (1.4) | 7 (1.1) | 469 (74.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Diaphragmatic hernia | 432 | 10 (2.3) | 4 (0.93) | 46 (10.7) | 27 (6.3) | 8 (1.9) | 5 (1.2) | 309 (71.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Omphalocele | 235 | 4 (1.7) | 3 (1.3) | 24 (10.2) | 14 (6.0) | 5 (2.1) | 5 (2.1) | 168 (71.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Gastroschisis | 621 | 18 (2.9) | 4 (0.64) | 84 (13.5) | 34 (5.5) | 15 (2.4) | 9 (1.5) | 426 (68.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Amniotic band syndrome and limb body wall | 181 | 8 (4.4) | 3 (1.7) | 30 (16.6) | 11 (6.1) | 5 (2.8) | 1 (0.55) | 119 (65.8) |
|
| ||||||||
| Heart | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| D-transposition of great arteries | 328 | 10 (3.1) | 5 (1.5) | 33 (10.1) | 19 (5.8) | 11 (3.4) | 5 (1.5) | 244 (74.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 552 | 19 (3.4) | 5 (0.91) | 68 (12.3) | 36 (6.5) | 12 (2.2) | 4 (0.72) | 397 (71.9) |
|
| ||||||||
| Ventricular septal defectd | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Perimembraneous | 823 | 17 (2.1) | 8 (0.97) | 89 (10.8) | 49 (6.0) | 15 (1.8) | 11 (1.3) | 605 (73.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Muscular | 162 | 3 (1.9) | 1 (0.62) | 21 (13.0) | 6 (3.7) | 7 (4.3) | 2 (1.2) | 117 (72.2) |
|
| ||||||||
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 519 | 13 (2.5) | 5 (0.96) | 61 (12) | 41 (7.9) | 19 (3.7) | 11 (2.1) | 372 (71.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Aortic stenosis | 158 | 4 (2.5) | 0 | 23 (14.6) | 10 (6.3) | 3 (1.9) | 3 (1.9) | 106 (67.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hypoplastic left heart | 276 | 7 (2.5) | 5 (1.8) | 28 (10.1) | 16 (5.8) | 5 (1.8) | 4 (1.5) | 209 (75.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 291 | 6 (2.1) | 3 (1.0) | 29 (10.0) | 13 (4.5) | 3 (1.0) | 2 (0.69) | 222 (76.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Total anomalous pulmonary venous return | 130 | 3 (2.3) | 0 | 9 (6.9) | 5 (3.9) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 102 (78.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Control subjects | 5546 | 129 (2.3) | 35 (0.63) | 594 (10.7) | 309 (5.6) | 121 (2.2) | 70 (1.3) | 4399 (79.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Male control subjects | 2797 | 64 (2.3) | 20 (0.72) | 304 (10.9) | 155 (5.5) | 52 (1.9) | 31 (1.1) | 2223 (79.5) |
a
Women who were missing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug information were included in the total number of cases but not in the exposed or unexposed group counts;
b
n = 15,836 subjects;
c
Male control subjects were used only in this analysis.