TABLE 4.

Association of selected defects and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug exposure^a

Birth defect	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b
	Aspirin	Ibuprofen	Naproxen
Non-heart
Anencephaly/craniorachischisis
Total	2.0 (1.0–3.9)	1.3 (0.85–2.0)	0.84 (0.30–2.3)
Isolated	2.2 (1.1–4.3)	1.3 (0.84–2.0)	0.69 (0.22–2.2)
Spina bifida
Total	1.6 (0.93–2.7)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	0.77 (0.35–1.7)
Isolated	1.6 (0.94–2.9)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)	0.48 (0.18–1.3)
Encephalocele
Total	2.1 (0.75–6.1)	1.2 (0.58–2.5)	2.5 (0.89–7.3)
Isolated	2.8 (0.99–8.1)	1.0 (0.42–2.4)	3.5 (1.2–10)
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia
Total	3.0 (1.3–7.3)	1.9 (1.1–3.3)	2.8 (1.1–7.3)
Isolated	0.94 (0.13–7.0)	1.0 (0.40–2.6)	c
Cleft lip ± cleft palate
Total	1.1 (0.72–1.7)	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.7 (1.1–2.5)
Isolated	1.2 (0.76–1.8)	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	1.8 (1.2–2.7)
Cleft palate
Total	1.8 (1.1–2.9)	1.3 (0.99–1.7)	1.4 (0.84–2.5)
Isolated	1.7 (1.0–2.9)	1.3 (0.99–1.8)	1.6 (0.90–2.8)
Transverse limb deficiency
Total	1.2 (0.58–2.5)	1.3 (0.88–1.9)	2.0 (1.0–3.8)
Isolated	1.3 (0.62–2.7)	1.2 (0.84–1.8)	1.9 (0.95–3.7)
Amniotic bands/limb body wall
Total	2.5 (1.1–5.6)	2.2 (1.4–3.5)	1.6 (0.55–4.4)
Isolated	2.5 (1.1–5.7)	2.2 (1.4–3.5)	1.6 (0.56–4.5)
Heart
Isolated pulmonary valve stenosisd	1.1 (0.47–2.6)	1.3 (0.91–1.9)	2.4 (1.3–4.5)

CI, confidence interval.

^aExposed vs unexposed (as needed excluded);

^bAdjusted for site, race/ethnicity, folic acid, smoking, binge drinking, and fever in the first trimester;

^cToo few cases to estimate adjusted odds ratios;

^dAnalysis limited to term births only.