Fig. 1.

Tumour irradiation leads to cell death and a release of danger molecules. The tumour microenvironment and cytokine milieu is also altered by irradiation. T cell priming and T cell recruitment is enhanced through irradiation. This is the rationale for combining irradiation with CAR T cells and bispecific antibodies. Vaccination might be enhanced by irradiation through neoantigen release and triggers anti-tumour immune responses. Immunocytokines are able to alter the tumour microenvironment to enhance anti-tumour immune responses and lead to T cell recruitment into the tumour.