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. 2018 Apr 10;8:5723. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24152-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of identified and excluded signaling pathways. The induction of pneumococci-dependent KLF4 expression in BMMs needs direct contact of viable bacteria in combination with extracellular pro- or eukaryotic DNA. This induction is partly mediated via TLR9/MyD88/TRIF and a probably yet unknown extracellular DNA sensor (a). Although TLR9 seems to be partly involved in the KLF4 expression, phagocytosis is not required. We additionally could exclude the participation of the receptors TLR2, TLR4, NOD2 and IFNAR, as well as the adapter proteins STING and ASC (b).