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. 2018 Apr 10;8:5781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-23728-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic structure, B-cell epitope prediction and sequence diversity of PvAARP and PkAARP. (a) Schematic structures of PvAARP (285 amino acids [aa]) and PkAARP (239 aa). Asparagine (Asn)- and proline (Pro)-rich regions are indicated in yellow and blue, respectively. Regions used to generate PvAARP N-terminus (rPvAARP-N, aa 21−112), PkAARP N-terminus (rPkAARP-N, aa 21−112) and full-length PvAARP (rPvAARP-FL) and PkAARP (rPkAARP-FL) recombinant proteins are indicated under each structure. Four predicted B-cell epitopes (#1−#4) are highlighted with arrows and aa sequences. (b and c) SP, signal peptide. B-cell epitope prediction of PvAARP-N (b) and PkAARP-N (c). Yellow areas above the threshold (red line) were predicted to be part of the B-cell epitope, and green areas were unlikely to be a part of the B-cell epitope. (d) Sliding window plot of the nucleotide diversity of the pkaarp gene encoding the N-terminus using 29 pkaarp sequences with a window size of 60 and a step size of 3.