Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors and outcomes for isolation of NDM-1-positive CR-ECL isolates compared with negative controls.
| Variable | NDM-1-negative E. cloacae (N = 111) | NDM-1-positive E. cloacae (N = 20) | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| Demographics, n (%) | ||||||
| Elderly (≥ 60 years) | 21 (18.9%) | 8 (40.0%) | 2.86 (1.04-7.87) | 0.045 | ||
| Male gender | 52 (46.8%) | 9 (45.0%) | 0.93 (0.36-2.42) | 1.000 | ||
| Surgical units | 32 (28.8%) | 9 (45.0%) | 2.02 (0.76-5.34) | 0.191 | ||
| Transfer from another hospital | 18 (16.2%) | 10 (50.0%) | 5.17 (1.88-14.21) | 0.001 | 4.82 (1.14-20.35) | 0.033 |
| Admission to ICU | 22 (19.8%) | 7 (35.0%) | 2.18 (0.78-6.11) | 0.132 | ||
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 23 (20.7%) | 4 (20.0%) | 0.96 (0.29-3.14) | 1.000 | ||
| Malignant disease | 13 (11.7%) | 5 (25.0%) | 2.51 (0.78-8.06) | 0.152 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 12 (10.8%) | 2 (10.0%) | 0.92 (0.19-4.45) | 1.000 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 16 (14.4%) | 4 (20.0%) | 1.48 (0.44-5.01) | 0.508 | ||
| Hepatobiliary disease | 38 (34.2%) | 6 (30.0%) | 0.82 (0.29-2.31) | 0.712 | ||
| Gastrointestinal disease | 25 (22.5%) | 5 (25.0%) | 1.15 (0.38-3.47) | 0.778 | ||
| Respiratory diseases | 21 (18.9%) | 9 (45.0%) | 3.51 (1.29-9.54) | 0.018 | ||
| Neurological disease | 16 (14.4%) | 2 (10.0%) | 0.66 (0.14-3.12) | 1.000 | ||
| Endocrine, metabolic disease | 3 (2.7%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1.89 (0.19-19.19) | 0.489 | ||
| Vascular, hematological disease | 15 (13.5%) | 4 (20.0%) | 1.60 (0.47-5.44) | 0.491 | ||
| Hypoalbuminaemia | 24 (21.6%) | 9 (45.0%) | 2.97 (1.10-7.98) | 0.047 | ||
| Neutropenia | 24 (21.6%) | 6 (30.0%) | 1.55 (0.54-4.47) | 0.412 | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 8 (7.2%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0.68 (0.08-5.74) | 1.000 | ||
| Respiratory infection | 27 (24.3%) | 8 (40.0%) | 2.07 (0.77-5.61) | 0.172 | ||
| Invasive procedures within prior 4 weeks, n (%) | ||||||
| Surgery in the past 6 months | 29 (26.1%) | 9 (45.0%) | 2.31 (0.87-6.15) | 0.109 | ||
| Receipt of total parenteral nutrition | 8 (7.2%) | 3 (15.0%) | 2.27 (0.55-9.43) | 0.372 | ||
| Bronchoscopes | 9 (8.1%) | 3 (15.0%) | 2.00 (0.49-8.14) | 0.325 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 30 (27.0%) | 11 (55.0%) | 3.30 (1.24-8.75) | 0.013 | ||
| Bladder irrigation | 7 (6.3%) | 2 (10.0%) | 1.65 (0.32-8.59) | 0.626 | ||
| Drainage tube | 42 (37.8%) | 9 (45.0%) | 1.34 (0.51-3.51) | 0.621 | ||
| Urinary catheter | 33 (29.7%) | 8 (40.0%) | 1.58 (0.59-4.21) | 0.433 | ||
| Tracheal cannula | 25 (22.5%) | 2 (10.0%) | 0.38 (0.08-1.76) | 0.247 | ||
| Nasal catheter | 14 (12.6%) | 4 (20.0%) | 1.73 (0.51-5.93) | 0.477 | ||
| Central venous catheter | 19 (17.1%) | 3 (15.0%) | 0.85 (0.23-3.21) | 1.000 | ||
| Antimicrobial exposure within 3 months, n (%) | ||||||
| Penicillin | 2 (1.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.98 (0.96-1.01) | 1.000 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 37 (33.3%) | 12 (60.0%) | 3.00 (1.13-7.98) | 0.042 | ||
| Carbapenem | 22 (19.8%) | 13 (65.0%) | 7.51 (2.68-21.01) | < 0.001 | 7.00 (1.86-26.33) | 0.004 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 17 (15.3%) | 4 (20.0%) | 1.38 (0.41-4.64) | 0.599 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 13 (11.7%) | 4 (20.0%) | 1.89 (0.55-6.51) | 0.294 | ||
| Glycopeptide | 16 (14.4%) | 5 (25.0%) | 1.98 (0.63-6.20) | 0.316 | ||
| Combined use of antibiotics | 20 (18.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | 1.14 (0.34-3.77) | 0.762 | ||
| Clinical outcomes | ||||||
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 8 (7.2%) | 4 (20.0%) | 3.22 (0.87-11.94) | 0.087 | ||
| Functional status deterioration | 13 (11.7%) | 6 (30.0%) | 3.23 (1.06-9.88) | 0.044 | ||
| Postculture length of stay, median (IQR), days | 9 (5-16) | 13.5 (7.25-18.75) | NA | 0.300 | ||
| Total length of hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 29 (22-38) | 39 (27.25-64.75) | NA | 0.015 | ||
Bold face indicates values that are significant (P < 0.05). ICU, intensive care unit.