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. 2018 Apr 4;5:34. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00034

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Copyright © 2018 Bosi, Cook, Menezes, Schievano, Torii and Burriesci

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Boundary condition imposed in normal (top panel) and pathological (bottom panel) conditions. (A) flow rate across the mitral valve for a healthy generic subject (28): the atrial emptying phase (shown as ventricular diastole in the picture) is divided into E wave – representing the early atrial systole – and A wave – representing the atrial contraction. (B) Mitral valve velocity derived from the flow rate represented in (A) by dividing for the mitral valve orifice area, which was then imposed as boundary outlet condition. (C) Echocardiography study showing the lack of A wave in case of AF (29), as atrial contraction is almost absent. (D) Velocity profile derived for the mitral valve orifice in case of AF.