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. 2018 Apr 4;9:349. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00349

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Copyright © 2018 Marseglia, Xu, Fratiglioni, Fabbri, Berendsen, Bialecka-Debek, Jennings, Gillings, Meunier, Caumon, Fairweather-Tait, Pietruszka, De Groot, Santoro and Franceschi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Estimated trajectories of change in global and domain-specific cognitive function 1-year after randomization by group. The figure shows the changes in global cognition (A), perceptual speed (B), executive functions (C), episodic memory (D), verbal abilities (E), and constructional praxis (F) in the control group [n = 641; (reference); black solid line] vs. intervention group (n = 638; gray dash line). Mixed-effect models were adjusted for baseline age, sex, education, country, and interviewer. The trajectories were plotted using the mean values of the covariates. CTS, CERAD total score.