EVs recruit complement proteins such as human C3, factor H, and C5b-9. (A) Immunoblot detection of human C3 binding to EVs (α′-chain, 110 kDa; β-chain, 75 kDa). Lane 1, EVs after incubation with human serum for 2 h at 37°C; lane 2, purified human C3 (1 μg); lane 3, purified EVs (1 μg). (B to D) Detection of (B) C3, (C) C5b-9, and (D) factor H (FH) binding to EVs using ELISAs. Data are represented as means ± SEM of results from three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.