Table 2.
Characteristics of pancreatic autoantibody (Ab) positive and negative participants (n=1778 with known antibody status)
| Ab positive (n=1510) | Ab negative (n=268) | P values | |
| Individual characteristics | |||
| Age | 20.1 (13.1–31.1) | 31.4 (17.7–41.0) | 0.0001 |
| Male | 56 (851) | 72 (192) | <0.0001 |
| Children | 41 (614) | 25 (66) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index | |||
| Children (z score, n=545, 56)* | 0.41 (−0.35 to 1.19) | 0.47 (−0.48 to 0.97) | 0.4 |
| Adult (kg/m2, n=825, 184) | 23.9 (21.4–26.7) | 25.5 (23.1–29.2) | 0.0001 |
| Overweight (n=1370, 240) | 36 (490) | 48 (114) | 0.0005 |
| White European ethnicity | 86 (1413) | 14 (232) | <0.0001 |
| Other autoimmune disease (n=1495, 265) | 8 (117) | 4 (10) | 0.01 |
| Parent(s) with any diabetes (n=1493, 261) | 16 (233) | 28 (74) | <0.0001 |
| Siblings with any diabetes (n=1374, 238) | 9 (117) | 8 (20) | 0.9 |
| Diabetes presentation | |||
| Clinical presentation | |||
| Ketoacidosis (n=1483, 260) | 43 (639) | 40 (104) | 0.3 |
| Osmotic symptoms (n=1495, 267) | 97 (1444) | 94 (250) | 0.02 |
| Weight loss (n=1480, 267) | 87 (1285) | 88 (235) | 0.5 |
| Fatigue (n=1490, 265) | 86 (1282) | 80 (213) | 0.01 |
| Symptom duration (weeks, n=1424, 246)** | 6.8 (10.5) | 10.4 (32.2) | 0.004 |
Percentages (n) or medians (IQR) are shown.
Sample sizes (n) are given for each variable if data collection was incomplete.
*The children’s BMI z-scores expressed as percentiles (median (IQR)) were 66% (36%-88%) in the autoantibody positive (n=545) and 68% (32%-83%) in the autoantibody negative (n=56).
**Median and IQRs for symptom duration were identical: 4 (2–8); mean and SD is shown to clarify the direction of difference.