Table 1.
Key study indicators
| Indicators | Lower middle income countries* | Upper middle income countries* | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Indonesia | Bangladesh | Philippines | Vietnam | Armenia | China | Mexico | Turkey | Brazil | Colombia | Thailand | Chile† | ||
| Population (2015; in millions) | 1311 | 258 | 161 | 101 | 93 | 2.9 | 1376 | 127 | 79 | 208 | 48 | 68 | 18 | |
| Male population (2015; in millions) | 679 | 130 | 81 | 51 | 46 | 1 | 709 | 63 | 39 | 102 | 24 | 34 | 9 | |
| No of people on low income at $1.90/day (2011; $ PPP; in millions) | 268 | 21 | 28 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 25 | 4 | 0.3 | 8 | 3 | 0.03 | 1 | |
| Total health expenditure as % of GDP | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 8 | |
| Public expenditure on health as % of GDP | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | |
| Out-of-pocket expenditure as % of total health expenditure | 62 | 47 | 67 | 54 | 37 | 54 | 32 | 44 | 18 | 25 | 15 | 12 | 32 | |
| % of population covered by public financing scheme‡ | 14 | 55 | 26 | 88 | 60 | 28 | 97 | 89§ | 85 | 100 | 91 | 98 | 90 | |
| Proportion of costs paid by public financing | 40 | 70 | 36 | 41 | 60 | 100 | 26 | 82§ | 98 | 81 | 100 | 99 | 90 | |
| Male smoking prevalence (15-74 years old)¶ | 10 | 58 | 28 | 39 | 46 | 53 | 52 | 21 | 39 | 23 | 18 | 45 | 48 | |
| Average sticks/day per current smoker | 4 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 24 | 14 | 10 | 18 | 11 | 8 | 9 | 13 | |
| No of male cigarette smokers (in millions) | 46 | 53 | 25 | 16 | 15 | 1 | 291 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 3 | |
| Price per pack of cigarettes (2016; in $ PPP) | 9.2 | 5.2 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 10.3 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 7.1 | 5.8 | |
| Excise tax increase needed for a 50% increase in price (2016; in $ PPP) | 4.6 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 5.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 2.9 | |
| Share of tax to retail price (%) | 43.1 | 57.4 | 77.0 | 62.6 | 35.7 | 35.0 | 50.8 | 67.0 | 82.1 | 67.9 | 49.5 | 73.5 | 64.9 | |
| % increase in tax rate from baseline tax rate | 232 | 174 | 130 | 160 | 280 | 286 | 197 | 149 | 122 | 147 | 202 | 136 | 154 | |
| Price per pack after 50% price increase | 14 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 15 | 5 | 3 | 11 | 9 | |
1.00 (£0.72; €0.81).
PPP=purchasing power parity; GDP=gross domestic product.
World Bank definition.
World Bank classifies Chile as a high income country, but for present analyses Chile was considered as a middle income country, given that the average household income for Chileans is more or less similar to that of other upper middle income countries such as Brazil
Only public financing schemes considered but mandatory private schemes (eg, ISAPREs for Chile) included. For other countries, private insurance was excluded as it covers only a small portion of the population and is not mandatory.
In Mexico, although the universal health coverage rate as well as financial protection provided by Seguro Popular for the first and second groups of income is 100%, the policy only covers chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among tobacco related conditions, whereas the coverage rate for the remaining groups is 82% and financial protection is 70%, and all diseases are covered by health insurance.
Estimates only include cigarettes but exclude bidis mostly used in India and Bangladesh.