Table 2.

The presence of the genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in cultivable bacteria and in total DNA from the cloacal samples of European herring gulls

Antimicrobial class	Resistance genes tested	Presence (+) or absence (−) of the genes in isolated cultivable bacteria	Presence (+) or absence (−) of the genes in total DNA
	tetA	+ (Staphylococcus, Enterococcus)	+
	tetB	+ (Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter)	+
Tetracyclines	tetK	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
	tetM	+ (Enterococcus)	+
	tetL	−	−
	tem	+ (Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella)	+
	shv	−	−
	oxa 1 group	−	−
	oxa 3 group	+ (Pseudomonas)	+
	oxa 5 group	−	−
Beta-lactams	ctx-M	+ (Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter)	+
	cmy	−	−
	per	−	−
	mecA	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
	mecC	−	−
	blaZ	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
	dfrG	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
	dfrK	−	−
Trimethoprim	dfr1	+ (Escherichia)	+
	dfr5	−	−
	dfr7	−	−
	sul1	−	+
Sulphonamides	sul2	+ (Escherichia, Enterobacter)	+
	sul3	−	−
	strA	+ (Escherichia)	+
	strB	+ (Escherichia)	+
Aminoglycosides	aac(′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia	+ (Enterococcus)	+
	aph(3′)-IIIa	+ (Enterococcus)	+
	ant(6)-Ia	+ (Enterococcus)	+
	ermA	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
Macrolides,	ermB	+ (Enterococcus)	+
lincosamides and	ermC	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
streptogramins	msrAB	+ (Staphylococcus)	+
	msrC	−	−
	catA7	+ (Enterococcus)	+
Amphenicols	catA8	−	−
	catA9	−	−
(Fluoro)quinolones	gyrA	+ (Acinetobacter, Escherichia)	+
	parC	+ (Acinetobacter)	+
Vancomycin	vanA	−	−
	vanB	−	−