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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 11.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2015 Jan 28;290:115–125. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.034

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Nicotine promotes elevated immunoreactive levels of GFAP and Iba1 in the upper spinal cord. Representative images of tissue sections taken from control (PBS) and nicotine (N)-treated animals immunostained for proteins associated with astrocyte (GFAP, A) or microglial (Iba1, B) activation. Enlarged images of medullary horn from either panel A (A′) or panel B (B′) are shown. The change in GFAP or Iba1 staining intensities are reported as the average fold change±SEM as compared to mean levels in control samples that was set equal to 1 (n=3). #P ≤ 0.01 when compared to control values.