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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 11.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2015 Jan 28;290:115–125. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.034

Table 1.

Cytokines in the upper spinal cord significantly stimulated compared to control levels by systemic nicotine

Cytokine Fold change ± SEM P
IL-2 1.40 ± 0.08 0.002
IL-4 1.69 ± 0.07 0.026
IL-6 1.85 ± 0.14 0.002
IL-17 1.66 ± 0.11 0.009
IP-10 2.25 ± 0.20 0.002
LIX 1.73 ± 0.24 0.002
L-Selectin 1.87 ± 0.14 0.009
MIG 1.77 ± 0.12 0.002
MIP-1α 2.54 ± 0.50 0.015
TNF-α 5.07 ± 0.62 0.002
VEGF 1.79 ± 0.21 0.015

IL-2=interleukin 2, IL-4=interleukin 4, IL-6=interleukin 6, IL-17=interleukin 17, IP-10=interferon gamma-induced protein 10, LIX=lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine, MIG=monokine-induced by gamma interferon, MIP-1α=macrophage-induced protein 1 alpha, TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor alpha, and VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor.