. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 11.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2017 Jul 19;117(15):10377–10402. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00100

Table 1.

Examples of Virus-Derived Peptides in Clinical Trials for Humans

status/year	study title	brief description	condition	virus type used to discover peptides	reference
recruiting participants as of November, 2016	Electro-Phage and Colorimetric Aptamer Sensors for Clinical Staging and Monitoring of Bladder Cancer	seeks to identify a molecular fingerprint (peptide) capable of detecting recurrent bladder cancer using phage-display technology	bladder cancer	phage-display library to be used	⁵²
not yet recruiting as of July, 2016	Peptide-Drug-Conjugates for Personalized, Targeted Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia	will use phage libraries to isolate phages specifically internalized by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells taken from newly diagnosed and untreated patients; following treatment options will then be tailored to the specific patient’s results in terms of binding peptides isolated from each patient’s individualized biopanning study	chronic lymphocytic leukemia	phage-display library to be used	⁵²
study is ongoing as of April, 2014	Gluten-free Diet in Gluten-Genetically Predisposed Subjects	will measure gluten-dependent humoral immune response by means of phage-display libraries before and after 12 months of a gluten-free diet; seeks to demonstrate the mucosal gluten-dependent response in relation to a gluten-free diet; will also evaluate the targeting specificity of a double staining technique for detecting IgA antitransglutaminase mucosal deposits utilizing antibody fragments developed through phage display	celiac disease	phage-display library to be used	⁵²
study completed, 2002	Steps toward Mapping the Human Vasculature by Phage Display	carried out on a 48-year-old male Caucasian patient with the intention of mapping the human vasculature system in terms of finding homing peptides for all tissue targets	intended not for just one condition but to create a molecular targeting map for the human vasculature system usable for future clinical applications	M13 phage CX7C library	⁵³
study completed, October 2015 (should be noted that there are a large number of clinical trials using this virus derived peptide; this is just one example)	Study of AMG-386 in Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in Subjects with Ovarian Cancer	Trebananib (AMG-386) is a peptibody discovered through phage display that blocks the interaction between angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2; blocking this interaction reduces angiogenesis and therefore the growth of tumors; evaluated was a combined treatment using AMG-386 with paclitaxel and carboplatin as a treatment for stages II–IV of epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancers	stages II–IV of epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, and fallopian tube cancers	three filamentous phage libraries were used called TN8-IX, TN12-I, and Linear (1.0 × 1010 independent transformants)	^{52, 54}
study completed February, 2015	DNX-2401 (Formerly Known as Delta-24-RGD-4C) for Recurrent Malignant Gliomas	phage library derived sequence CDCRGDCFC (often called DNX-2401 or 24-RGD-4C) homes to multiple tumor types (including carcinoma, sarcoma, and melanoma); study was to determine the highest tolerable dosage and to determine the effect of the peptide on tumors	brain tumors	phage library	^{49, 52}