Table 2.

Pathogen-Targeting Peptides Derived from Virus Libraries

	pathogen	viral library//virus type	targeting peptide sequence	applications	ref
parasite	Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (cattle tick)	fUSE5/15-mer//M13 phage	RNLWPGDLRWVGWH, RLGPLHFLNAWGHDH	potential targeted chemotherapy/vaccination strategies	55
	Plasmodium (the causative agent of malaria)	XCX8CX//M13 phage	PCQRAIFQSICN	inhibited Plasmodium invasion of salivary gland and midgut epithelia to prevent malaria	56
	Schistosoma japonicum schistosomula	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	YSGLQDSSLRLR	exhibited potent schistosomicidal activity in vitro; also a possible drug carrier	57
	Leishmania major	hexapeptide library//M13 phage	MAAKYN	inhibits L. major growth kinetics in vitro and reduces cutaneous lesions	51
yeast/fungus	Candida albicans	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	ELMAVPVPLPPA, SEYTSQLIFTAT, SEFSYIVIDTSL, ELTAILVSPAPL, ELNAQHIMEPKY, ELIPMLIMQSTS, EDYSTIMKTLAH, STPKSPHSVASH, AVQHNPTHPFYP	rapid, highly specific diagnosis of Candida albicans infection	58
	Candida albicans disease biomarker (antisecreted aspartyl proteinase 2 IgG antibody)	antibody M13 phage-display library//M13 phage	VKYTS	highly sensitive diagnosis and detection of Candida albicans infection (indirectly by looking for the immune response)	59, 60
	Paracoccidioides brasiliensis	CX7C//M13 phage	CGSYGFNAC	selectively kills only virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts to treat Paracoccidioidomycosis	61
virus	Avian influenza A H5N1	VHH library//M13 phage	AAGPLSWYAHEFLEYSGHEYNY, TEHRGFDDNDYVLPALGARAANY, AAPPLPDCYSGSWSPFTDEYNY	diagnosis of H5N1 infection	62
	Avian influenza A H7N2	VHH library//M13 phage	see ref for full-length sequences	diagnosis of H7N2 infection	63
	orthopoxviruses	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	TADKLLYGLFKS	orthopoxvirus detection	64
bacteria	Klebsiella pneumoniae	naïve human single chain fragment variable//M13 phage	see ref; sequences not provided.	Klebsiella pneumoniae antibody therapeutics and vaccines	65
	Listeria monocytogenes	VHH library//M13 phage	AARRGPGTSVLSDDYDY, ATTRTPRVRLPTESREYTY	detection and diagnosis of the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes	66
	Salmonella	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	NRPDSAQFWLHH	rapid Salmonella testing	67
	E. coli and P. aeruginosa	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	RLLFRKIRRLKR	bactericidal activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa	68
	Staphylococcus aureus	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	VPHNPGLISLQG	detection and diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infection	68
	Mycobacterium leprae	Ph.D.-12//M13 phage	LEQCQES, LEQCQES	diagnosis and potential vaccine for leprocy	69
	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Ph.D.-7//M13 phage	WHLPLSL	diagnosis of tuberculosis	70