Table 1. Radiocarbon ages of shells and other materials from Leang Burung 2.

Year	Lab Codea,b,c	Layer	Sq	Spit/Depth below datum (BD)	Material	Conventional 14C age BPd	Calibrated age BP (95% confidence)e
1975	BM-1492	IIIa	D10	-	Tylomelania perfecta	20,150 ± 250	24,946–23,590
1975	GrN-8293	V	G10	-	T. perfecta	23,300 ± 140	27,744–27,275
1975	GrN-8650	IV	G10	-	T. perfecta	26,650 ± 200	31,131–30,505
1975	GrN-8292	IV-V	H9-1	-	T. perfecta	28,150 ± 200	32,629–31,400
1975	GrN-8649	II	G10	-	T. perfecta	31,260 ± 330	35,878–34,526
1975	I-9096	VI	A-2(10)	-	Charcoal	1,665 ± 80	1708–1353
2007	Wk22648	IV	G10	155 cm BD	Shell	28,907 ± 281	33,715–32,096
2007	Wk22649	II	E10	264 cm BD	Shell	28,386 ± 250	33,012–31,510
2007	Wk22647	II/I	E10	276 cm BD	Shell	31,415 ± 365	36,075–34,621
2011	Wk33214	V	D11	Spit 17	T. perfecta	22,917 ± 120	27,505–26,928
2011	Wk33215	V/II	D11	Spit 21	T. perfecta	23,406 ± 127	27,781–27,365
2011	Wk33216	V	D11	Spit 22	T. perfecta	21,051 ± 103	25,630–25,082
2011	Wk33217	V	D11	Spit 23	T. perfecta	24,928 ± 156	29,350–28,579
2011	OZO822	V	D11	Spit 23	T. perfecta	25,860 ± 200	30,623–29,488
2011	Wk33218	V	D11	Spit 24	T. perfecta	21,560 ± 103	26,014–25,616
2011	Wk33219	II	D11	Spit 28	T. perfecta	24,461 ± 148	28,786–28,076
2011	Wk33220	II	D11	Spit 29	T. perfecta	28,483 ± 238	33,136–31,602
2011	Wk33221	II	D11	Spit 33	T. perfecta	29,536 ± 276	34,162–33,060
2011	Wk33222	II	D11	Spit 34	T. perfecta	27,323 ± 206	31,478–30,931
2011	OZO823	II	D11	Spit 34	T. perfecta	30,620 ± 430	35,414–33,845
2011	Wk33223	II	D11	Spit 37g	T. perfecta	29,636 ± 273	34,262–33,198
2011	Wk33227	II	D11	Spit 40g	T. perfecta	30,581 ± 310	35,065–33,955
2011	Wk33228	II	D11	Spit 42g	T. perfecta	25,346 ± 163	29,813–28,909
2011	Wk33229	II	D11	Spit 44g	T. perfecta	25,254 ± 166	29,680–28,829
2011	Wk33224	II	D11	Spit 45g	T. perfecta	31,015 ± 329	35,613–34,260
2011	Wk33225	II	D11	Spit 46g	T. perfecta	28,570 ± 240	33,285–31,695
2011	Wk33226	II	D11	Spit 47g	T. perfecta	27,984 ± 241	32,535–31,243
2011	OZO824	II	D11	Spit 48	T. perfecta	7990 ± 70	8998–8605
2011	Wk33230	II	D11	Spit 49g	T. perfecta	29,555 ± 271	34,174–33,095
2011	Wk33855	II	B11	~540 cm BD	T. perfecta	28,693 ± 140	33,294–32,110
2007	Wk22792	Brf	-	3.4 m above floor level	Shell	18,987 ± 80	23,056–22,537
2012	SANU-34507	Brf	-	3.2 m above floor level	T. perfecta	20,990 ± 160	25,685–24,747
2012	SANU-34506	Brf	-	1.6 m above floor level	T. perfecta	27,640 ± 320	32,345–30,985
2007	Wk22791	Brf	-	1.5 m above floor level	Shell	30,597 ± 323	35,114–33,946

a Shells dated by the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory at the University of Waikato (laboratory code prefix: Wk) were processed as follows (F. Petchey, pers. comm.): physical pretreatment involved cleaning surfaces and washing the samples in an ultrasonic bath; the samples were tested for secondary recrystallization using the Feigl method [46]. With regards to the latter, staining showed that all the shells were aragonite, with the exception of Wk22648 and Wk22649; both of these samples collected in 2007 contained a mixture of calcitic and aragonitic shells, with the change to calcite in some instances possibly owing to burning–the calcitic shells were removed and only those identified as aragonite by the staining test were selected for ¹⁴C dating. Chemical pretreatment involved acid washing with 0.1N HCl, after which the samples were rinsed and dried.

b Shells dated by the AMS facility at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) (laboratory code prefix: OZ) were pretreated as follows (F. Bertuch, pers. comm.): samples were cut in half and surface-drilled to remove any dirt/secondary carbonate material, after which they were ultrasonicated in water for two periods of 5 min duration in order to remove dirt/dust; this was followed by a surface etch by ultrasonicating the shells in 0.5M HCl for 2 min (50–80% of surface removed) and staining with Feigl solution [46]–the shells turned entirely black, indicating that they were composed of aragonite and no secondary calcite was present–staining was removed from shells with dilute HCl and then rinsing with water; shells were then loaded into hydrolysis vials with H₃PO₄, the vial evacuated, and then a further 10 min acid etch was performed, with the resulting CO₂ discarded (to ensure no extraneous carbon was picked up during processing); the sample was then completely hydrolysed; finally, CO₂ was extracted and then graphitized by reducing the CO₂ over an iron catalyst (600°C) using hydrogen. Pretreatment, CO₂ extraction and graphitisation methods followed procedures outlined in [47].

c Shells dated by the AMS facility at The Australian National University (laboratory code prefix: SANU) were pre-treated as follows: to remove potentially altered material, the surface and any soft material was removed with a drill, and 10% weight was removed in HCl. XRD was used to check that the samples contained less than 0.3% calcite and the clean material was graphitized and dated by AMS following procedures outlined in [48]. SANU-34507 contains <0.3% calcite. In the case of SANU-34506, however, XRD showed that the cleaned carbonate contained 0.7 ± 0.3% calcite. This suggests that the resultant ¹⁴C age determination might be slightly affected by the calcite (i.e., the date may be too young)–we note, however, that the date for SANU-34506 is stratigraphically consistent with bracketing ¹⁴C ages.

d Uncertainties reported at 95% confidence interval.

e Conventional ¹⁴C ages were calibrated using the ShCAL13 southern hemisphere calibration curve [49].

f Br: Brecciated deposit affixed to rear wall of shelter.

g Dated shell collected from wet-sieve residue.