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Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) activity in N starvation experiments as shown by of (A) FRRf-based measurement of excitation energy allocation to energy-dependent NPQ (ΦNPQ), (B) the molar ratio of xanthophyll cycle pigments to chl a, (C) the de-epoxidation state (DES) of xanthophyll cycle pigments, and (D) the molar ratio of lutein to chl a. Error bars indicate standard deviation among triplicate cultures.
